{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389388878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin57070.2023.10332524","title":"Comparison of FGO and KF for PDR-GNSS Fusion on Smartphone for Diverse Pedestrian Movements","display_name":"Comparison of FGO and KF for PDR-GNSS Fusion on Smartphone for Diverse Pedestrian Movements","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389388878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin57070.2023.10332524"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ipin57070.2023.10332524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin57070.2023.10332524","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 13th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100582024","display_name":"Amjad Hussain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136040515","display_name":"Universidad de Deusto","ror":"https://ror.org/00ne6sr39","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136040515"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amjad Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Deusto Avda. Universidades 24,Faculty of Engineering,Bilbao,Spain,48007"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Deusto Avda. Universidades 24,Faculty of Engineering,Bilbao,Spain,48007","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136040515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076339343","display_name":"Luis Enrique D\u00edez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1499-2429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136040515","display_name":"Universidad de Deusto","ror":"https://ror.org/00ne6sr39","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136040515"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Enrique D\u00edez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Deusto Avda. Universidades 24,Faculty of Engineering,Bilbao,Spain,48007"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Deusto Avda. Universidades 24,Faculty of Engineering,Bilbao,Spain,48007","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136040515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136040515"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8487,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73726824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9710999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.903458833694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6903407573699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.574583113193512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5678364634513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5399349927902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.505090057849884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.4275703728199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.42670881748199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4153788685798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38521453738212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36979368329048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.33682316541671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19218260049819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1543121337890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.11375495791435242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.0892190933227539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.903458833694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6903407573699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.574583113193512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5678364634513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5399349927902222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.505090057849884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.4275703728199005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.42670881748199463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4153788685798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38521453738212585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36979368329048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.33682316541671753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19218260049819946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1543121337890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.11375495791435242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0892190933227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ipin57070.2023.10332524","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin57070.2023.10332524","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 13th International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1511986666","https://openalex.org/W2182229738","https://openalex.org/W2746349752","https://openalex.org/W2799542324","https://openalex.org/W2903901592","https://openalex.org/W2910513464","https://openalex.org/W2946424330","https://openalex.org/W2962779523","https://openalex.org/W2972399734","https://openalex.org/W2977982730","https://openalex.org/W2990884741","https://openalex.org/W3005950045","https://openalex.org/W3016856310","https://openalex.org/W3041502370","https://openalex.org/W3126230087","https://openalex.org/W3156271080","https://openalex.org/W3164521861","https://openalex.org/W3187771690","https://openalex.org/W4286656485","https://openalex.org/W4293146093","https://openalex.org/W4306399452","https://openalex.org/W4306949874","https://openalex.org/W4323527544","https://openalex.org/W4366378397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172272784","https://openalex.org/W4307436769","https://openalex.org/W4323793210","https://openalex.org/W2366306259","https://openalex.org/W3044810324","https://openalex.org/W3206500252","https://openalex.org/W2597513713","https://openalex.org/W4280578603","https://openalex.org/W2803265893","https://openalex.org/W2785359964"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smartphone-based":[0],"positioning":[1,19,221],"has":[2],"gained":[3],"significant":[4,157],"popularity":[5],"due":[6,41,67,112],"to":[7,42,68,101,113,122,127,211],"its":[8,12,69,114,124],"widespread":[9],"availability.":[10],"However,":[11,117],"reliance":[13],"on":[14],"GNSS":[15,35,82,199],"as":[16,27,134],"the":[17,58,77,90,93,103,110,128,181,188,194,215],"primary":[18],"component":[20],"poses":[21],"limitations":[22],"in":[23,155,167,198,202,213,224],"challenging":[24,225],"environments":[25],"such":[26,133],"urban":[28],"canyons,":[29],"tunnels,":[30],"and":[31,45,81,145,165,169,178,193,217],"indoor":[32],"areas,":[33],"where":[34],"signals":[36],"are":[37],"distorted":[38],"or":[39],"missed":[40],"multi-path":[43],"interference":[44],"non-line-of-sight":[46],"(NLOS).":[47],"To":[48],"address":[49],"this,":[50],"sensor":[51],"fusion":[52,78],"techniques":[53],"have":[54,99],"been":[55],"employed,":[56],"with":[57,72],"integration":[59],"of":[60,79,92,159,183,190,196,219],"MEMS":[61],"IMU":[62],"being":[63],"a":[64,84,156],"common":[65],"approach":[66],"complementary":[70],"features":[71],"GNSS.":[73],"For":[74],"pedestrian":[75,136,226],"localization,":[76],"PDR":[80,191],"is":[83,119,185],"classic":[85],"architecture":[86],"that":[87,149,175],"commonly":[88],"involves":[89],"use":[91],"Kalman":[94],"Filter":[95],"(KF).":[96],"Recently,":[97],"researchers":[98],"started":[100],"consider":[102],"Factor":[104],"Graph":[105],"Optimization":[106],"(FGO)":[107],"algorithm":[108],"for":[109],"fusion,":[111],"better":[115],"accuracy.":[116],"it":[118],"still":[120],"necessary":[121],"asses":[123],"performance":[125],"compared":[126,210],"KF":[129,212],"under":[130],"different":[131],"situations,":[132],"various":[135],"movements.":[137],"In":[138],"this":[139],"study,":[140],"experimental":[141],"evaluations":[142],"during":[143],"walking":[144,168,177],"running":[146,179],"activities":[147],"demonstrate":[148],"FGO":[150,184,206],"consistently":[151],"outperforms":[152],"KF,":[153],"resulting":[154,201],"reduction":[158],"mean":[160],"horizontal":[161],"errors":[162,192],"by":[163,187],"30.6%":[164],"10%":[166],"running,":[170],"respectively.":[171],"These":[172],"findings":[173],"highlight":[174],"between":[176],"modes,":[180],"accuracy":[182,216],"influenced":[186],"magnitude":[189],"level":[195],"correlation":[197],"measurements,":[200],"varying":[203],"performance.":[204],"Overall,":[205],"demonstrated":[207],"superior":[208],"efficacy":[209],"enhancing":[214],"reliability":[218],"smartphone-based":[220],"systems,":[222],"especially":[223],"scenarios.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
