{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1648942313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2014.7275470","title":"Multi-modal identification and tracking of vehicles in partially observed environments","display_name":"Multi-modal identification and tracking of vehicles in partially observed environments","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1648942313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2014.7275470","mag":"1648942313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ipin.2014.7275470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2014.7275470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-370136.html","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101425824","display_name":"Daniel Becker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-1744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155076","display_name":"Daimler Center for Automotive Information Technology Innovations","ror":"https://ror.org/048d5b075","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155076","https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Daimler Center for Automotive Information Technology Innovations (DCAITI), Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7, 10587 Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Daimler Center for Automotive Information Technology Innovations (DCAITI), Ernst-Reuter-Platz 7, 10587 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155076"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072460783","display_name":"Alexander Binder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-6209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800804238","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/00px80p03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800804238","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Binder","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institut for Open Communication Technologies (FOKUS), Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 31, 10589 Berlin, Germany","Machine Learning Group, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institut for Open Communication Technologies (FOKUS), Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 31, 10589 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800804238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Machine Learning Group, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008485671","display_name":"Jens Einsiedler","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Einsiedler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Application Center for Wireless Sensor Systems, Am Hofbr\u00e4uhaus 1, 96450 Coburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Application Center for Wireless Sensor Systems, Am Hofbr\u00e4uhaus 1, 96450 Coburg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042365259","display_name":"Ilja Radusch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800804238","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/00px80p03","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800804238","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilja Radusch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer Institut for Open Communication Technologies (FOKUS), Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 31, 10589 Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer Institut for Open Communication Technologies (FOKUS), Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 31, 10589 Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800804238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101425824"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155076"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2093,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55839064,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":null,"first_page":"77","last_page":"86"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7402594089508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bittorrent-tracker","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","score":0.7240381240844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6435800194740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6224095821380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odometry","display_name":"Odometry","score":0.6107137799263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5266261696815491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.4570392072200775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4510927200317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.44060230255126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4316885471343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42910462617874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.34001851081848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.13900533318519592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-robot","display_name":"Mobile robot","score":0.136969655752182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.11513710021972656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7402594089508057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.7240381240844727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6435800194740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6224095821380615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49441653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2014717","display_name":"Odometry","level":4,"score":0.6107137799263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5266261696815491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.4570392072200775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4510927200317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.44060230255126953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4316885471343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42910462617874146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.34001851081848145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.13900533318519592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.136969655752182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.11513710021972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ipin.2014.7275470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2014.7275470","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-370136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-370136.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FOKUS","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/390273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/390273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-370136","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-370136.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer FOKUS","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1599976967","https://openalex.org/W1758464101","https://openalex.org/W1994623790","https://openalex.org/W2008549258","https://openalex.org/W2013710860","https://openalex.org/W2018589614","https://openalex.org/W2022987295","https://openalex.org/W2040195939","https://openalex.org/W2065465218","https://openalex.org/W2083623706","https://openalex.org/W2084186265","https://openalex.org/W2100712334","https://openalex.org/W2102104695","https://openalex.org/W2103086852","https://openalex.org/W2103137514","https://openalex.org/W2111152968","https://openalex.org/W2111784981","https://openalex.org/W2124781496","https://openalex.org/W2141896189","https://openalex.org/W2507840081","https://openalex.org/W2549146357","https://openalex.org/W6675574197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386936491","https://openalex.org/W3007931018","https://openalex.org/W4380763496","https://openalex.org/W3110195467","https://openalex.org/W2100339372","https://openalex.org/W4309137623","https://openalex.org/W3179470708","https://openalex.org/W2166220596","https://openalex.org/W3033823235","https://openalex.org/W2123881033"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-quality":[0],"positioning":[1,39],"is":[2,32,146,214],"of":[3,10,107,114,123,135,223,233],"fundamental":[4],"importance":[5],"for":[6],"an":[7,141],"increasing":[8],"variety":[9],"advanced":[11],"driver":[12],"assistance":[13],"systems.":[14],"GNSS-based":[15],"systems":[16,40],"are":[17,41,62,163],"predominant":[18],"outdoors":[19],"but":[20],"usually":[21],"fail":[22],"in":[23,149,226],"enclosed":[24],"areas":[25],"where":[26,74],"a":[27,42,81,92,128,150,205],"direct":[28],"line-of-sight":[29],"to":[30,57,80,98,109,127,185,195,216],"satellites":[31],"unavailable.":[33],"For":[34],"those":[35],"scenarios,":[36],"external":[37,46,69,115,125,235],"infrastructure-based":[38],"promising":[43],"alternative.":[44],"However,":[45],"position":[47,138],"detections":[48,86,126],"have":[49],"no":[50],"identity":[51],"information":[52],"as":[53,96,165],"they":[54,61],"may":[55,71],"belong":[56],"any":[58],"object,":[59],"i.e.":[60],"anonymous.":[63],"Moreover,":[64],"the":[65,111,121,133,196,211,234],"area":[66],"covered":[67],"by":[68],"sensors":[70],"contain":[72],"gaps":[73,232],"objects":[75],"cannot":[76],"be":[77],"observed":[78],"leading":[79],"correspondence":[82],"problem":[83,145],"between":[84,176],"multiple":[85],"and":[87,132,221],"actual":[88],"objects.":[89],"We":[90],"present":[91],"global":[93,219],"tracking-by-identification":[94],"approach":[95,119,213],"extension":[97],"existing":[99],"local":[100],"trackers":[101],"that":[102,210],"uses":[103],"odometry":[104],"sensor":[105],"data":[106,186],"vehicles":[108,225],"find":[110],"corresponding":[112],"subset":[113],"detections.":[116],"Thus,":[117],"our":[118],"enables":[120],"assignment":[122],"anonymous":[124],"specific":[129],"vehicular":[130],"endpoint":[131],"estimation":[134],"its":[136],"current":[137],"without":[139],"requiring":[140],"initial":[142],"location.":[143],"The":[144,154,168,189],"decomposed":[147],"resulting":[148],"two":[151],"step":[152],"approach.":[153],"first":[155],"algorithm":[156,172,191],"determines":[157],"possible":[158],"track":[159,166,169,177,193],"segment":[160],"combinations":[161],"which":[162],"used":[164],"hypotheses.":[167],"hypothesis":[170],"generation":[171],"considers":[173],"spatio-temporal":[174],"relationships":[175],"segments,":[178],"thus":[179],"avoiding":[180],"exponentially":[181],"growing":[182],"complexity":[183],"inherent":[184],"association":[187],"problems.":[188],"second":[190],"compares":[192],"hypotheses":[194],"relative":[197],"vehicle":[198],"trajectory":[199],"using":[200],"pseudo-distance":[201],"correlation":[202],"metrics.":[203],"In":[204],"detailed":[206],"evaluation,":[207],"we":[208],"demonstrate":[209],"proposed":[212],"able":[215],"reliably":[217],"perform":[218],"tracking":[220],"identification":[222],"camera-observed":[224],"real-time,":[227],"despite":[228],"relatively":[229],"large":[230],"coverage":[231],"sensors.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
