{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2068546584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2012.6418880","title":"How feasible is the use of magnetic field alone for indoor positioning?","display_name":"How feasible is the use of magnetic field alone for indoor positioning?","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2068546584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2012.6418880","mag":"2068546584"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ipin.2012.6418880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2012.6418880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/c5bb03f2-8c5b-424f-9a41-360801b5957f/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072317258","display_name":"Binghao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8565-7287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binghao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Sydney, Australia","School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112358436","display_name":"Thomas J. Gallagher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Gallagher","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Sydney, Australia","School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008198554","display_name":"Andrew G. Dempster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0881-1548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew G Dempster","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Sydney, Australia","School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072718462","display_name":"Chris Rizos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7276-1488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","display_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02j5s7g39","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571","https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I4394709116"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Rizos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Sydney, Australia","School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40053085","https://openalex.org/I31746571"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying & Spatial Information Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9935,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":262,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98497668,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9872000217437744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heading","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","score":0.7688320279121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.6750934720039368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetometer","display_name":"Magnetometer","score":0.6203943490982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","score":0.6072508692741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.5598214864730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5189780592918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.5057713985443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indoor-positioning-system","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","score":0.4838084578514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4613300561904907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earths-magnetic-field","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","score":0.45074278116226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.4427221417427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3742293119430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3691120743751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2984224557876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2787916660308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.2775494456291199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.21064338088035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11123582720756531}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776937971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4384217","display_name":"Heading (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.7688320279121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.6750934720039368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153946474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921","display_name":"Magnetometer","level":3,"score":0.6203943490982056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6072508692741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.5598214864730835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5189780592918396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5187000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.5057713985443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.4838084578514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4613300561904907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199635899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6500960","display_name":"Earth's magnetic field","level":3,"score":0.45074278116226196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.4427221417427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3742293119430542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3691120743751526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2984224557876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2787916660308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2775494456291199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.21064338088035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11123582720756531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ipin.2012.6418880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ipin.2012.6418880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_47288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_47288","pdf_url":"https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/c5bb03f2-8c5b-424f-9a41-360801b5957f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, UNSW, Sydney, 2012-11-13 - 2012-11-15","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_5794"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_47288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/unsworks_47288","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196481","display_name":"UNSWorks (UNSW Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","host_organization_name":"UNSW Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:unsworks.library.unsw.edu.au:1959.4/unsworks_47288","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.4/unsworks_47288","pdf_url":"https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/c5bb03f2-8c5b-424f-9a41-360801b5957f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401737","display_name":"UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40053085","host_organization_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40053085"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation, UNSW, Sydney, 2012-11-13 - 2012-11-15","raw_type":"http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_5794"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2068546584.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2068546584.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1653787692","https://openalex.org/W1680071804","https://openalex.org/W1978200836","https://openalex.org/W1989967035","https://openalex.org/W2002778056","https://openalex.org/W2012462772","https://openalex.org/W2014629162","https://openalex.org/W2029980841","https://openalex.org/W2058846534","https://openalex.org/W2076282425","https://openalex.org/W2082839938","https://openalex.org/W2094204865","https://openalex.org/W2097088077","https://openalex.org/W2101640510","https://openalex.org/W2110871256","https://openalex.org/W2112737587","https://openalex.org/W2116068514","https://openalex.org/W2127036301","https://openalex.org/W2169462560","https://openalex.org/W2183732834","https://openalex.org/W2265872494","https://openalex.org/W6686194662","https://openalex.org/W6693288721","https://openalex.org/W6908552822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358719579","https://openalex.org/W2385042721","https://openalex.org/W2367929022","https://openalex.org/W4244052565","https://openalex.org/W2078195169","https://openalex.org/W4317418868","https://openalex.org/W4379364347","https://openalex.org/W2948691285","https://openalex.org/W2109371243","https://openalex.org/W4285328451"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,18,45,56,92,107,114,158],"magnetic":[3,22,46,71,86,99,148,160],"field":[4,23,47,87,161],"variations":[5],"for":[6,33,83,163],"positioning":[7],"and":[8,127,134,142],"navigation":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11],"suggested":[12],"by":[13],"several":[14],"researchers.":[15],"In":[16,59,73],"most":[17],"the":[19,21,28,43,61,64,67,70,75,81,108,112,115,124,128,147,156],"applications,":[20,35],"is":[24,39,101],"used":[25],"to":[26,42,110,154],"determine":[27],"azimuth":[29],"or":[30],"heading.":[31],"However,":[32],"indoor":[34,164],"accurate":[36],"heading":[37],"determination":[38],"difficult":[40],"due":[41],"presence":[44],"anomalies.":[48,58],"Here":[49],"location":[50],"fingerprinting":[51],"methodology":[52],"can":[53,120],"take":[54],"advantage":[55],"these":[57],"fact,":[60],"more":[62,68,76],"significant":[63],"local":[65],"anomalies,":[66],"unique":[69],"\u201cfingerprint\u201d.":[72],"general,":[74],"elements":[77],"in":[78],"each":[79],"fingerprint,":[80],"better":[82],"positioning.":[84,165],"Unfortunately,":[85],"intensity":[88,126,130,133],"data":[89],"only":[90,117],"consists":[91],"three":[93],"components.":[94],"Since":[95],"true":[96],"north":[97],"(or":[98,131],"north)":[100],"generally":[102],"unknown,":[103],"even":[104],"with":[105],"help":[106],"accelerometer":[109],"detect":[111],"direction":[113],"gravity,":[116],"two":[118],"components":[119],"be":[121],"extracted,":[122],"i.e.":[123],"horizontal":[125],"vertical":[129],"total":[132],"inclination).":[135],"Furthermore,":[136],"moving":[137],"objects":[138],"containing":[139],"ferromagnetic":[140],"materials":[141],"electronic":[143],"devices":[144],"may":[145],"affect":[146],"field.":[149],"Tests":[150],"were":[151],"carried":[152],"out":[153],"investigate":[155],"feasibility":[157],"using":[159],"alone":[162],"Possible":[166],"solutions":[167],"are":[168],"discussed.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}