{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3196394774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0101.2100007","title":"Distributed Sensing with Low-Cost Mobile Sensors Toward a Sustainable IoT","display_name":"Distributed Sensing with Low-Cost Mobile Sensors Toward a Sustainable IoT","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3196394774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0101.2100007","mag":"3196394774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iotm.0101.2100007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0101.2100007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014564230","display_name":"Oktay Cetinkaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7214-6485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oktay Cetinkaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075340917","display_name":"Bahareh Zaghari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5600-4671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bahareh Zaghari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cranfield University, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cranfield University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076677295","display_name":"Florentin M. J. Bulot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3337-4650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florentin M. J. Bulot","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002429293","display_name":"Wissam Damaj","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wissam Damaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056012459","display_name":"Stephen A. Jubb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8825-8396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen A. Jubb","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011370879","display_name":"Sebastian Stein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2858-8857"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Stein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035948558","display_name":"Alex S. Weddell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6763-5460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex S. Weddell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076608106","display_name":"Martin Mayfield","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9174-1773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Mayfield","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021938998","display_name":"Steve Beeby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0800-1759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve Beeby","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63721005,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"96","last_page":"102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12120","display_name":"Air Quality Monitoring and Forecasting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5963984727859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5531415939331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.49305006861686707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.4372086226940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38800665736198425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33141636848449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3297954797744751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22254714369773865}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5963984727859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5531415939331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.49305006861686707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.4372086226940155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38800665736198425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33141636848449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3297954797744751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22254714369773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iotm.0101.2100007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0101.2100007","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:476851","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/476851/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401020","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3633359643","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/V022067/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G486749295","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R013411/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5551094834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P016782/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G710463541","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P010164/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093327657","https://openalex.org/W2750306308","https://openalex.org/W2784155078","https://openalex.org/W2797612288","https://openalex.org/W2912455967","https://openalex.org/W2935430972","https://openalex.org/W3002398604","https://openalex.org/W3005210523","https://openalex.org/W3013928049","https://openalex.org/W3015357625","https://openalex.org/W3017269091","https://openalex.org/W3021761650","https://openalex.org/W3036783883","https://openalex.org/W3049621030","https://openalex.org/W3088067614","https://openalex.org/W6783539333"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034529322","https://openalex.org/W2113597336","https://openalex.org/W2115913271","https://openalex.org/W2155505549","https://openalex.org/W2357479218","https://openalex.org/W1819546284","https://openalex.org/W2018648706","https://openalex.org/W2140798747","https://openalex.org/W1975451135","https://openalex.org/W2989915292"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cities":[0],"are":[1,156],"monitored":[2,87],"by":[3,120],"sparsely":[4],"positioned":[5],"high-cost":[6],"reference":[7],"stations":[8,17],"that":[9,31,199],"fail":[10],"to":[11,21,65,159,218],"capture":[12],"local":[13],"variations.":[14],"Although":[15],"these":[16,76],"must":[18,85],"be":[19,86],"ubiquitous":[20],"achieve":[22],"high":[23,149],"spatio-temporal":[24,150],"resolutions,":[25],"the":[26,53,71,126,136,145,153,161,164,178,187,191,211],"required":[27,59],"capital":[28],"expenditure":[29],"makes":[30],"infeasible.":[32],"Here,":[33],"low-cost":[34,109,142],"IoT":[35,60],"devices":[36,61,90],"come":[37],"into":[38],"prominence;":[39],"however,":[40],"non-disposable":[41],"and":[42,78,115,144,182],"often":[43],"non-rechargeable":[44],"batteries":[45],"they":[46],"have":[47],"pose":[48],"a":[49,80,96,103,132,170,219],"huge":[50],"risk":[51],"for":[52,147],"environment.":[54],"The":[55,196],"projected":[56],"numbers":[57],"of":[58,135,163,190,213],"will":[62],"also":[63],"yield":[64],"heavy":[66],"network":[67,104],"traffic,":[68],"thereby":[69],"crippling":[70],"RF":[72],"spectrum.":[73],"To":[74],"tackle":[75],"problems":[77],"ensure":[79],"more":[81,220],"sustainable":[82,221],"IoT,":[83],"cities":[84],"with":[88,106,210],"fewer":[89],"extracting":[91],"highly":[92],"granular":[93],"data":[94],"in":[95,152,167,180],"self-sufficient":[97],"manner.":[98],"Hence,":[99],"this":[100],"paper":[101],"introduces":[102],"architecture":[105,166],"energy":[107],"harvesting":[108],"mobile":[110,201],"sensors":[111,143,202],"mounted":[112],"on":[113,125,173],"bikes":[114],"unmanned":[116],"aerial":[117],"vehicles,":[118],"underpinned":[119],"key":[121],"enabling":[122],"technologies.":[123],"Based":[124],"experience":[127],"gained":[128],"through":[129],"real-world":[130],"trials,":[131],"detailed":[133],"overview":[134],"technical":[137],"challenges":[138],"encountered":[139],"when":[140],"using":[141,200,207],"requirements":[146],"achieving":[148],"resolutions":[151],"3D":[154],"space":[155],"highlighted.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"show":[160],"capability":[162],"envisioned":[165],"distributed":[168],"sensing,":[169],"case":[171],"study":[172],"air":[174],"quality":[175],"monitoring":[176],"investigating":[177],"variations":[179],"particulate":[181],"gaseous":[183],"pollutant":[184],"dispersion":[185],"during":[186],"first":[188],"lockdown":[189],"COVID.19":[192],"pandemic":[193],"is":[194,203],"presented.":[195],"results":[197],"showed":[198],"as":[204,206],"accurate":[205],"stationary":[208],"ones":[209],"potential":[212],"reducing":[214],"device":[215],"numbers,":[216],"leading":[217],"IoT.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}