{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401806422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.001.2400003","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Backscatter Communications: Augmenting Intelligence in Future Internet of Things","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Backscatter Communications: Augmenting Intelligence in Future Internet of Things","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401806422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.001.2400003"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iotm.001.2400003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.001.2400003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101966424","display_name":"Wali Ullah Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1485-5141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wali Ullah Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026746581","display_name":"Eva Lagunas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Lagunas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035764964","display_name":"Zain Anwar Ali","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zain Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California,USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055476089","display_name":"Asad Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8978-3336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asad Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015679187","display_name":"Chandan Kumar Sheemar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1676-5983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandan Kumar Sheemar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104072273","display_name":"Manzoor Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154338","display_name":"Hubei Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05amnwk22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210154338"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manzoor Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hubei Engineering University,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Engineering University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154338"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064768354","display_name":"Kapal Dev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-8594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100923","display_name":"Munster Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xpqh61","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kapal Dev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Munster Technological University,Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Munster Technological University,Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016154330","display_name":"Symeon Chatzinotas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-0001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Symeon Chatzinotas","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080037825","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Ottersten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2298-6774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}],"countries":["LU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Ottersten","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Luxembourg,Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101966424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6659,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69303687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"72","last_page":"78"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.6950951218605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.601610004901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6014289855957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49448227882385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.46591734886169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.44148701429367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34638887643814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.28202158212661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2753734588623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.2422560453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.23218309879302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.09805700182914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.089702308177948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.6950951218605042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.601610004901886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6014289855957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49448227882385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.46591734886169434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.44148701429367065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34638887643814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.28202158212661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2753734588623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2422560453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.23218309879302979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.09805700182914734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.089702308177948}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iotm.001.2400003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.001.2400003","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:orbilu.uni.lu:10993/62992","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orbilu.uni.lu/handle/10993/62992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401815","display_name":"Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","host_organization_name":"University of Luxembourg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 7 (5), 72 - 78 (2024-08-23)","raw_type":"peer reviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2976580479","https://openalex.org/W2982628788","https://openalex.org/W3015501413","https://openalex.org/W3095931495","https://openalex.org/W3118215922","https://openalex.org/W3131382839","https://openalex.org/W3190423190","https://openalex.org/W3203840214","https://openalex.org/W3205476044","https://openalex.org/W4214816089","https://openalex.org/W4288808730","https://openalex.org/W4292348061","https://openalex.org/W4313288712","https://openalex.org/W4360584530","https://openalex.org/W4367333202"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2145821588","https://openalex.org/W2086122291","https://openalex.org/W1987513656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Backscatter":[0],"communication":[1],"(BC)":[2],"technology":[3],"offers":[4],"sustainable":[5],"solutions":[6],"for":[7,119],"next-generation":[8],"Internet-of-Things":[9],"(IoT)":[10],"networks,":[11],"where":[12],"devices":[13],"can":[14],"transmit":[15],"data":[16],"by":[17,51],"reflecting":[18],"and":[19,43,68,78,111,115],"adjusting":[20],"incident":[21],"radio":[22],"frequency":[23],"signals.":[24],"In":[25],"parallel":[26],"to":[27,40,103],"BC,":[28],"deep":[29],"reinforcement":[30],"learning":[31],"(DRL)":[32],"has":[33],"recently":[34],"emerged":[35],"as":[36],"a":[37],"promising":[38],"tool":[39],"augment":[41],"intelligence":[42],"optimize":[44],"low-powered":[45],"IoT":[46],"devices.":[47],"This":[48],"article":[49],"commences":[50],"elucidating":[52],"the":[53,62,83],"foundational":[54],"principles":[55],"underpinning":[56],"BC":[57,96],"systems,":[58],"subsequently":[59],"delving":[60],"into":[61],"diverse":[63],"array":[64],"of":[65,85,91],"DRL":[66,99],"techniques":[67],"their":[69],"respective":[70],"practical":[71],"implementations.":[72],"Subsequently,":[73],"it":[74],"investigates":[75,112],"potential":[76],"domains":[77],"presents":[79],"recent":[80],"advancements":[81],"in":[82],"realm":[84],"RL-BC":[86],"systems.":[87],"A":[88],"use":[89],"case":[90],"RIS-aided":[92],"non-orthogonal":[93],"multiple":[94],"access":[95],"systems":[97],"leveraging":[98],"is":[100],"meticulously":[101],"examined":[102],"highlight":[104],"its":[105],"potential.":[106],"Lastly,":[107],"this":[108],"study":[109],"identifies":[110],"salient":[113],"challenges":[114],"proffers":[116],"prospective":[117],"avenues":[118],"future":[120],"research":[121],"endeavors.":[122]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2024-08-24T00:00:00"}