{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390806605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.001.2300092","title":"Blockchain-Empowered Vehicular Intelligence: A Perspective of Asynchronous Federated Learning","display_name":"Blockchain-Empowered Vehicular Intelligence: A Perspective of Asynchronous Federated Learning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390806605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.001.2300092"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iotm.001.2300092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.001.2300092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020951160","display_name":"Jiancong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4220-7299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiancong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University,China","Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004314121","display_name":"Shining Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shining Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University,China","Northwestern Polytechnical University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020951160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.871,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94872426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"74","last_page":"80"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8165398240089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.7463979721069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7248383164405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.7016003131866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6722877621650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchrony","display_name":"Asynchrony (computer programming)","score":0.6063275337219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5539803504943848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5055429935455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.49330583214759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.43342939019203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3963264226913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3882426619529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1564456820487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.12923550605773926}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8165398240089417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.7463979721069336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7248383164405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.7016003131866455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6722877621650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779019669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203946","display_name":"Asynchrony (computer programming)","level":3,"score":0.6063275337219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5539803504943848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5055429935455322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.49330583214759827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.43342939019203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3963264226913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3882426619529724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1564456820487976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.12923550605773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iotm.001.2300092","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.001.2300092","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5034613570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872434","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2978709794","https://openalex.org/W2991281508","https://openalex.org/W3006655855","https://openalex.org/W3012130770","https://openalex.org/W3014517104","https://openalex.org/W3106416029","https://openalex.org/W3120721446","https://openalex.org/W3156676799","https://openalex.org/W3187661226","https://openalex.org/W3202810279","https://openalex.org/W4220883012","https://openalex.org/W4294733424","https://openalex.org/W4309647912","https://openalex.org/W4312224516","https://openalex.org/W6770634426"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W2944915449","https://openalex.org/W2102266661","https://openalex.org/W2122229220","https://openalex.org/W4283014255"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain-empowered":[0],"federated":[1,66],"learning":[2,6],"is":[3],"a":[4,47,86],"promising":[5],"framework,":[7],"which":[8,93,122],"mitigates":[9],"several":[10],"potential":[11],"security":[12,194],"threats":[13],"in":[14,17,125,127,167],"learning.":[15,67],"However,":[16],"the":[18,22,33,50,72,79,95,101,107,116,140,148,161,171,181,188,193],"Internet":[19],"of":[20,53,74,109,142,156,164,183,190,195],"Vehicles,":[21],"asynchronous":[23,34],"network":[24],"puts":[25],"higher":[26],"requirements":[27],"on":[28,49],"blockchains.":[29],"Specifically,":[30],"due":[31,146],"to":[32,42,45,65,99,138,147,159,169,192],"transaction":[35],"updates,":[36],"traditional":[37],"consensus":[38,48,108],"mechanisms":[39],"require":[40],"nodes":[41,98],"frequently":[43],"coordinate":[44],"reach":[46],"global":[51,112],"order":[52],"transactions.":[54],"This":[55],"strong":[56,117],"consistency":[57,73,118],"brings":[58],"excessive":[59],"computing":[60],"time":[61,157],"and":[62,81,114,186],"low":[63],"efficiency":[64],"Existing":[68],"solutions":[69],"completely":[70],"relax":[71,115],"transactions,":[75,150],"which,":[76],"however,":[77],"reduces":[78],"persistence":[80,137],"traceability.":[82],"Therefore,":[83],"we":[84,105,134,151],"propose":[85],"lightweight":[87],"permissioned":[88],"blockchain":[89],"with":[90],"partial":[91],"consensus,":[92],"reduce":[94,100,170],"coordination":[96,130],"among":[97,131],"system":[102],"overhead.":[103],"First,":[104],"run":[106],"transactions":[110],"for":[111,119],"models":[113,166],"local":[120,143,165],"models,":[121],"are":[123],"stored":[124],"parallel":[126],"real-time":[128],"without":[129],"nodes.":[132],"Accordingly,":[133],"provide":[135],"relative":[136],"ensure":[139],"traceability":[141],"models.":[144],"Then,":[145],"orderless":[149],"use":[152],"smart":[153],"contracts,":[154],"instead":[155],"stamps,":[158],"control":[160],"staleness":[162],"weight":[163],"aggregation":[168],"vulnerability.":[172],"Experimental":[173],"results":[174],"show":[175],"that":[176],"our":[177],"scheme":[178],"effectively":[179],"improves":[180],"performance":[182],"blockchain-empowered":[184],"systems":[185],"overcomes":[187],"challenges":[189],"asynchrony":[191],"vehicular":[196],"networks.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
