{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401329586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts60994.2024.10616072","title":"Cost-Effective Fault Tolerance for CNNs Using Parameter Vulnerability Based Hardening and Pruning","display_name":"Cost-Effective Fault Tolerance for CNNs Using Parameter Vulnerability Based Hardening and Pruning","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401329586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts60994.2024.10616072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iolts60994.2024.10616072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts60994.2024.10616072","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 30th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002269174","display_name":"Mohammad Hasan Ahmadilivani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4162-6646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Hasan Ahmadilivani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tallinn University of Technology,Tallinn,Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tallinn University of Technology,Tallinn,Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113321060","display_name":"Seyedhamidreza Mousavi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyedhamidreza Mousavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["M&#x00E4;lardalen University,V&#x00A8;aster&#x02DA;as,Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"M&#x00E4;lardalen University,V&#x00A8;aster&#x02DA;as,Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010286547","display_name":"Jaan Raik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8113-020X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaan Raik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tallinn University of Technology,Tallinn,Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tallinn University of Technology,Tallinn,Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063193249","display_name":"Masoud Daneshtalab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-1521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Daneshtalab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tallinn University of Technology,Tallinn,Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tallinn University of Technology,Tallinn,Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059391257","display_name":"Maksim Jenihhin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8165-9592"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maksim Jenihhin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tallinn University of Technology,Tallinn,Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tallinn University of Technology,Tallinn,Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.556,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9429189,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6187003254890442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pruning","display_name":"Pruning","score":0.5988126397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardening","display_name":"Hardening (computing)","score":0.5465682148933411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.49287962913513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.482835590839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.43552684783935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2221161127090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1544417440891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.1425013542175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.12919560074806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.07067224383354187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6187003254890442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108010975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500094","display_name":"Pruning","level":2,"score":0.5988126397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44255700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978423","display_name":"Hardening (computing)","level":3,"score":0.5465682148933411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49287962913513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.482835590839386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.43552684783935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2221161127090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1544417440891266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.1425013542175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.12919560074806213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.07067224383354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iolts60994.2024.10616072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iolts60994.2024.10616072","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 30th International Symposium on On-Line Testing and Robust System Design (IOLTS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2119144962","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2606722458","https://openalex.org/W2798273231","https://openalex.org/W2892341857","https://openalex.org/W2903175372","https://openalex.org/W2964108906","https://openalex.org/W2989569745","https://openalex.org/W2996011786","https://openalex.org/W3014034225","https://openalex.org/W3036979375","https://openalex.org/W3075036515","https://openalex.org/W3091497013","https://openalex.org/W3096295711","https://openalex.org/W3120931476","https://openalex.org/W3121542217","https://openalex.org/W3121907463","https://openalex.org/W3137147200","https://openalex.org/W3181500144","https://openalex.org/W3187862527","https://openalex.org/W3201365832","https://openalex.org/W4206591102","https://openalex.org/W4280488201","https://openalex.org/W4280513934","https://openalex.org/W4299281336","https://openalex.org/W4308847510","https://openalex.org/W4319865974","https://openalex.org/W4383501724","https://openalex.org/W4384026315","https://openalex.org/W4390145134","https://openalex.org/W4399120293","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6774139053","https://openalex.org/W6838003720"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373300491","https://openalex.org/W2395294869","https://openalex.org/W2378744544","https://openalex.org/W2594301978","https://openalex.org/W2379704676","https://openalex.org/W1998810860","https://openalex.org/W4206442282","https://openalex.org/W2384505857","https://openalex.org/W2355171581","https://openalex.org/W4229439743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"Neural":[1],"Networks":[2],"(CNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"become":[5],"integral":[6],"in":[7],"safety-critical":[8],"applications,":[9],"thus":[10],"raising":[11],"concerns":[12],"about":[13],"their":[14,108],"fault":[15,19,38,125],"tolerance.":[16],"Conventional":[17],"hardwaredependent":[18],"tolerance":[20,39],"methods,":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"Triple":[24],"Modular":[25],"Redundancy":[26],"(TMR),":[27],"are":[28,111],"computationally":[29],"expensive,":[30],"imposing":[31],"a":[32,65,151,170],"remarkable":[33],"overhead":[34,142],"on":[35],"CNNs.":[36,146],"Whereas":[37],"techniques":[40],"can":[41],"be":[42],"applied":[43],"either":[44],"at":[45,50],"the":[46,51,54,77,91,96,101,144,162,175,187],"hardware":[47],"level":[48],"or":[49],"model":[52],"levels,":[53],"latter":[55],"provides":[56],"more":[57],"flexibility":[58],"without":[59],"sacrificing":[60],"generality.":[61],"This":[62],"paper":[63],"introduces":[64],"model-level":[66],"hardening":[67],"approach":[68,81],"for":[69],"CNNs":[70,178],"by":[71],"integrating":[72],"error":[73],"correction":[74,119,131],"directly":[75],"into":[76],"neural":[78],"networks.":[79],"The":[80,121],"is":[82,158],"hardwareagnostic":[83],"and":[84,117],"does":[85],"not":[86],"require":[87],"any":[88],"changes":[89],"to":[90,129,143,181],"underlying":[92],"accelerator":[93],"device.":[94],"Analyzing":[95],"vulnerability":[97,154],"of":[98,103],"parameters":[99],"enables":[100],"duplication":[102],"selective":[104],"filters/neurons":[105],"so":[106],"that":[107,160],"output":[109],"channels":[110],"effectively":[112],"corrected":[113],"with":[114,133,169],"an":[115,140],"efficient":[116],"robust":[118],"layer.":[120],"proposed":[122,159],"method":[123],"demonstrates":[124],"resilience":[126],"nearly":[127],"equivalent":[128],"TMR-based":[130],"but":[132],"significantly":[134],"reduced":[135],"overhead.":[136],"Nevertheless,":[137],"there":[138],"exists":[139],"inherent":[141],"baseline":[145],"To":[147],"tackle":[148],"this":[149],"issue,":[150],"cost-effective":[152],"parameter":[153],"based":[155],"pruning":[156,164],"technique":[157],"outperforms":[161],"conventional":[163],"method,":[165],"yielding":[166],"smaller":[167],"networks":[168],"negligible":[171],"accuracy":[172],"loss.":[173],"Remarkably,":[174],"hardened":[176,188],"pruned":[177],"perform":[179],"up":[180],"$\\mathbf{2":[182],"4":[183],"\\%}$":[184],"faster":[185],"than":[186],"un-pruned":[189],"ones.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
