{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3085549563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/inista49547.2020.9194631","title":"Factual Question Generation for the Portuguese Language","display_name":"Factual Question Generation for the Portuguese Language","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3085549563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/inista49547.2020.9194631","mag":"3085549563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/inista49547.2020.9194631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/inista49547.2020.9194631","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Conference on INnovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084411251","display_name":"Bernardo Leite","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9054-9501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardo Leite","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035645484","display_name":"Henrique Lopes Cardoso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1252-7515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Lopes Cardoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Lab (LIACC), University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Lab (LIACC), University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089812166","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Paulo Reis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4709-1718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Paulo Reis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Lab (LIACC), University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Lab (LIACC), University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058183984","display_name":"Carlos Soares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4549-8917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Soares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Lab (LIACC), University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Lab (LIACC), University of Porto (FEUP), Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6771,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76963476,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8480725288391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portuguese","display_name":"Portuguese","score":0.7585428953170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7217284440994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6812235116958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6774560809135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","score":0.658221423625946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.5727017521858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5471814870834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-grammar","display_name":"Dependency grammar","score":0.4983665943145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.45990416407585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4538191854953766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brazilian-portuguese","display_name":"Brazilian Portuguese","score":0.43203204870224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.4177580773830414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.2281304895877838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17140305042266846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8480725288391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35219183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5146","display_name":"Portuguese","level":2,"score":0.7585428953170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7217284440994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6812235116958618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6774560809135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.658221423625946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.5727017521858215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5471814870834351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164883195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674834","display_name":"Dependency grammar","level":3,"score":0.4983665943145752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45990416407585144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4538191854953766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778880076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750553","display_name":"Brazilian Portuguese","level":3,"score":0.43203204870224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4177580773830414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.2281304895877838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17140305042266846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/inista49547.2020.9194631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/inista49547.2020.9194631","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Conference on INnovations in Intelligent SysTems and Applications (INISTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8700000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320557","https://openalex.org/W163271066","https://openalex.org/W1510100763","https://openalex.org/W1784223173","https://openalex.org/W1965158952","https://openalex.org/W1969346491","https://openalex.org/W2069032672","https://openalex.org/W2106365165","https://openalex.org/W2161318349","https://openalex.org/W2161325192","https://openalex.org/W2172235535","https://openalex.org/W2250630559","https://openalex.org/W2250959401","https://openalex.org/W2251694021","https://openalex.org/W2252126003","https://openalex.org/W2283204694","https://openalex.org/W2324268090","https://openalex.org/W2376694580","https://openalex.org/W2546248468","https://openalex.org/W2551582814","https://openalex.org/W2570452769","https://openalex.org/W2751832591","https://openalex.org/W2758535940","https://openalex.org/W2767319166","https://openalex.org/W2808074080","https://openalex.org/W2810503719","https://openalex.org/W2886505372","https://openalex.org/W2891913177","https://openalex.org/W2906432682","https://openalex.org/W2963627339","https://openalex.org/W2964236999","https://openalex.org/W2989613245","https://openalex.org/W4251971396","https://openalex.org/W4294554057","https://openalex.org/W6600185498","https://openalex.org/W6638283317","https://openalex.org/W6685206407","https://openalex.org/W6691576239","https://openalex.org/W6691606367","https://openalex.org/W6691682241","https://openalex.org/W6731817639","https://openalex.org/W6744154722","https://openalex.org/W6753172463"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2251084681","https://openalex.org/W2098784136","https://openalex.org/W287510790","https://openalex.org/W4241489294","https://openalex.org/W63925617","https://openalex.org/W2968543375","https://openalex.org/W2252142543","https://openalex.org/W4288558800","https://openalex.org/W2888625260","https://openalex.org/W2953770453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Artificial":[0],"Intelligence":[1],"(AI)":[2],"has":[3,55,68],"seen":[4],"numerous":[5],"applications":[6,77],"in":[7,48,90,193],"the":[8,13,31,35,41,51,60,74,110,131,142,180,188],"area":[9],"of":[10,15,30,38,53,73,104,130,151,182],"Education.":[11],"Through":[12],"use":[14,37,191],"educational":[16],"technologies":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"Intelligent":[20],"Tutoring":[21],"Systems":[22],"(ITS),":[23],"learning":[24,62],"possibilities":[25],"have":[26,166],"increased":[27],"significantly.":[28],"One":[29],"main":[32],"challenges":[33],"for":[34,78,86],"widespread":[36],"ITS":[39],"is":[40],"ability":[42],"to":[43,58,70,157,190],"automatically":[44],"generate":[45],"questions.":[46],"Bearing":[47],"mind":[49],"that":[50,171],"act":[52],"questioning":[54],"been":[56],"shown":[57],"improve":[59],"students":[61],"outcomes,":[63],"Automatic":[64],"Question":[65],"Generation":[66],"(AQG)":[67],"proven":[69],"be":[71],"one":[72,99],"most":[75],"important":[76],"optimizing":[79],"this":[80],"process.":[81],"We":[82],"present":[83],"a":[84,101,105,127,168,194],"tool":[85],"generating":[87],"factual":[88],"questions":[89],"Portuguese":[91,175],"by":[92,108,174],"proposing":[93],"three":[94],"distinct":[95],"approaches.":[96],"The":[97,122,138,177],"first":[98],"performs":[100],"syntax-based":[102],"analysis":[103,129],"given":[106],"text":[107],"using":[109,147],"information":[111],"obtained":[112],"from":[113],"Part-of-speech":[114],"tagging":[115],"(PoS)":[116],"and":[117],"Named":[118],"Entity":[119],"Recognition":[120],"(NER).":[121],"second":[123],"approach":[124],"carries":[125],"out":[126],"semantic":[128],"sentences,":[132],"through":[133],"Semantic":[134],"Role":[135],"Labeling":[136],"(SRL).":[137],"last":[139],"method":[140],"extracts":[141],"inherent":[143],"dependencies":[144],"within":[145],"sentences":[146],"Dependency":[148],"Parsing.":[149],"All":[150],"these":[152,183],"methods":[153],"are":[154],"possible":[155],"thanks":[156],"Natural":[158],"Language":[159],"Processing":[160],"(NLP)":[161],"techniques.":[162],"For":[163],"evaluation,":[164],"we":[165],"elaborated":[167],"pilot":[169],"test":[170],"was":[172],"answered":[173],"teachers.":[176],"results":[178],"verify":[179],"potential":[181],"different":[184],"approaches,":[185],"opening":[186],"up":[187],"possibility":[189],"them":[192],"teaching":[195],"environment.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
