{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048882775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocomwkshps50562.2020.9163036","title":"Sperax: An Approach To Defeat Long Range Attacks In Blockchains","display_name":"Sperax: An Approach To Defeat Long Range Attacks In Blockchains","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048882775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocomwkshps50562.2020.9163036","mag":"3048882775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocomwkshps50562.2020.9163036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocomwkshps50562.2020.9163036","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083320238","display_name":"Yongge Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yongge Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043548468","display_name":"Jingwen Sun","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwen Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sperax, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sperax, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100327905","display_name":"Xin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1665-8398"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sperax, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sperax, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100854132","display_name":"Yunchuan Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunchuan Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sperax, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sperax, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037735333","display_name":"Hao Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5010-4746"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sperax, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sperax, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022556860","display_name":"Zhou Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139270","display_name":"UtopiaCompression (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/051d4q284","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139270"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics, UC, Los Angeles"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics, UC, Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139270"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006996313","display_name":"Gillian Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2205-730X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gillian Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS, UC, Berkeley"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS, UC, Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083320238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8007,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80294864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"574","last_page":"579"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beacon","display_name":"Beacon","score":0.7618340253829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.724032998085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6391459107398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6329522132873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.6316222548484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.5674001574516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5128965377807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.4545237123966217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.44324949383735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2555350065231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.15846547484397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12507182359695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09399530291557312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102168758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7321258","display_name":"Beacon","level":2,"score":0.7618340253829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.724032998085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6391459107398987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6329522132873535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.6316222548484802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5674001574516296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5128965377807617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4545237123966217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.44324949383735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2555350065231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15846547484397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12507182359695435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09399530291557312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocomwkshps50562.2020.9163036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocomwkshps50562.2020.9163036","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1601001795","https://openalex.org/W2794569885","https://openalex.org/W2891019541","https://openalex.org/W2894446939","https://openalex.org/W4248175462"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4286698075","https://openalex.org/W2141019415","https://openalex.org/W2401547140","https://openalex.org/W2365558494","https://openalex.org/W1638503251","https://openalex.org/W1533970831","https://openalex.org/W2152891650","https://openalex.org/W1533109710","https://openalex.org/W2148742293","https://openalex.org/W2352858694"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"Bitcoin's":[1],"seminal":[2],"work":[3],"of":[4,24,38,68],"achieving":[5],"consensus":[6,25,42,47],"under":[7],"the":[8,65],"assumption":[9],"that":[10,86],"more":[11],"than":[12],"51%":[13],"computational":[14],"power":[15],"is":[16,87,98],"honest,":[17],"many":[18],"researchers":[19],"have":[20,64],"proposed":[21],"various":[22],"kinds":[23],"protocols.":[26,43],"In":[27,78],"recent":[28],"years,":[29],"there":[30],"has":[31],"been":[32],"a":[33,72,83],"trend":[34],"in":[35],"designing":[36],"proof":[37,107],"stake":[39],"(PoS)":[40],"based":[41,46,62,93],"Unfortunately,":[44],"PoS":[45,61,84],"protocols":[48],"are":[49,54],"inherently":[50],"not":[51],"secure":[52,88,101],"and":[53],"vulnerable":[55],"to":[56],"\u201clong":[57],"range":[58,91],"attacks\u201d.":[59],"Thus":[60],"blockchains":[63],"potential":[66],"risk":[67],"being":[69],"forked":[70],"with":[71],"minimal":[73],"cost":[74],"for":[75],"double":[76,94],"spending.":[77,95],"this":[79],"paper,":[80],"we":[81],"propose":[82],"protocol":[85],"against":[89],"long":[90],"attack":[92],"The":[96],"security":[97],"achieved":[99],"using":[100],"randomness":[102],"beacons":[103],"generated":[104],"by":[105],"tamper":[106],"hardware":[108],"modules.":[109]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}