{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417295284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom59046.2026.11571658","title":"FLARE: A Wireless Side-Channel Fingerprinting Attack on Federated Learning","display_name":"FLARE: A Wireless Side-Channel Fingerprinting Attack on Federated Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417295284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom59046.2026.11571658"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom59046.2026.11571658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom59046.2026.11571658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2026 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.10296","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106344676","display_name":"Md Nahid Hasan Shuvo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0144-1601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Nahid Hasan Shuvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University,Fairfax,VA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University,Fairfax,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052908876","display_name":"Moinul Hossain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1121-7649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moinul Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University,Fairfax,VA,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University,Fairfax,VA,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057681399","display_name":"Anik Mallik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0566-1460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anik Mallik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towson University,Towson,MD,USA,21252"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towson University,Towson,MD,USA,21252","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039888737","display_name":"Jeffrey N. Twigg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0423-1095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Twigg","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory,Adelphi,MD,USA,20783"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory,Adelphi,MD,USA,20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060923648","display_name":"Fikadu T. Dagefu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-5278"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166416128","display_name":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/011hc8f90","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802705668","display_name":"United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command","ror":"https://ror.org/02rdkx920","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802705668","https://openalex.org/I4210154437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fikadu Dagefu","raw_affiliation_strings":["DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory,Adelphi,MD,USA,20783"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory,Adelphi,MD,USA,20783","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166416128","https://openalex.org/I2802705668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.3774999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.3774999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.1655000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.15880000591278076,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.5691999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.36039999127388}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8123999834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.5691999793052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5307999849319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4625999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.4171999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508800617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29643","display_name":"Wi-Fi","level":4,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58861099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548838","display_name":"Handshaking","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom59046.2026.11571658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom59046.2026.11571658","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2026 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.10296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.10296","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.10296","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2512.10296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2512.10296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.10296","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.10296","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.10296","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417295284.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"Learning":[1],"(FL)":[2],"enables":[3],"collaborative":[4],"model":[5,39,100,182],"training":[6],"across":[7,115],"distributed":[8],"devices":[9],"while":[10],"safeguarding":[11],"data":[12,26,169],"and":[13,84,118,122,138,150,168],"user":[14],"privacy.":[15],"However,":[16],"FL":[17,38,93,111,163,181,196],"remains":[18,60],"susceptible":[19],"to":[20,71,95,140,179],"privacy":[21],"threats":[22],"that":[23,130,148],"can":[24,66],"compromise":[25],"via":[27],"direct":[28],"means.":[29],"That":[30],"said,":[31],"indirectly":[32],"compromising":[33],"the":[34,37,72,176],"confidentiality":[35],"of":[36,87],"architecture":[40,158],"(e.g.,":[41],"a":[42,48,54,77,106,190],"convolutional":[43],"neural":[44,50],"network":[45,51],"(CNN)":[46],"or":[47],"recurrent":[49],"(RNN))":[52],"on":[53,110],"client":[55,94],"device":[56],"by":[57,184],"an":[58,92],"outsider":[59],"unexplored.":[61],"If":[62],"leaked,":[63],"this":[64,174],"information":[65],"enable":[67],"next-level":[68],"attacks":[69],"tailored":[70],"architecture.":[73,101],"This":[74],"paper":[75],"proposes":[76],"novel":[78],"side-channel":[79,192],"fingerprinting":[80,107,159],"attack,":[81],"leveraging":[82],"flow-level":[83],"packet-level":[85],"statistics":[86],"encrypted":[88,186],"wireless":[89,187],"traffic":[90,155],"from":[91],"infer":[96],"its":[97],"deep":[98],"learning":[99],"We":[102],"name":[103],"it":[104],"FLARE,":[105],"framework":[108],"based":[109],"Architecture":[112],"REconnaissance.":[113],"Evaluation":[114],"various":[116],"CNN":[117,149],"RNN":[119,151],"variants-including":[120],"pre-trained":[121],"custom":[123],"models":[124,152],"trained":[125],"over":[126,133],"IEEE":[127],"802.11":[128],"Wi-Fi-shows":[129],"FLARE":[131],"achieves":[132],"98%":[134],"F1-score":[135],"in":[136,142,194],"closed-world":[137],"up":[139],"91%":[141],"open-world":[143],"scenarios.":[144],"These":[145],"results":[146],"reveal":[147],"leak":[153],"distinguishable":[154],"patterns,":[156],"enabling":[157],"even":[160],"under":[161],"realistic":[162],"settings":[164],"with":[165],"hardware,":[166],"software,":[167],"heterogeneity.":[170],"To":[171],"our":[172],"knowledge,":[173],"is":[175],"first":[177],"work":[178],"fingerprint":[180],"architectures":[183],"sniffing":[185],"traffic,":[188],"exposing":[189],"critical":[191],"vulnerability":[193],"current":[195],"systems.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-12-13T00:00:00"}