{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7084103972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044568","title":"5G-Muffler: Covert DoS Attacks over Open Fronthaul Interface of O-RAN 5G Network","display_name":"5G-Muffler: Covert DoS Attacks over Open Fronthaul Interface of O-RAN 5G Network","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7084103972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044568"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044568","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wei Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zongxiao Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zongxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Binbin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binbin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jianwei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beihang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beihang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ray-Guang Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray-Guang Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44248449,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.2053000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.2053000032901764,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.18539999425411224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.1808999925851822,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.5311999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-access-network","display_name":"Radio access network","score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-interface","display_name":"Network interface","score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core-network","display_name":"Core network","score":0.38089999556541443}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7473000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6621999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.5311999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.5304999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.4763000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.45239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103987645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q985806","display_name":"Network interface","level":3,"score":0.43479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.41499999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.3889000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5038329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142907","display_name":"Core network","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.30979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.30880001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62793504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228327","display_name":"Access network","level":2,"score":0.3010999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81988521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676838","display_name":"Control unit","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111852164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414679","display_name":"Handover","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777338717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762621","display_name":"Vendor","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776362087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455112","display_name":"Air interface","level":3,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14982408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11006334","display_name":"Network Access Control","level":4,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044568","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044568","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2073017090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSC N202206020156","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6119019627","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021 YFB2700200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7845581244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61932011,U21B2021,61972018,61932014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18,135],"O-RAN":[1,14,29,35,189],"ALLIANCE":[2],"promotes":[3],"an":[4,131],"open":[5,19],"Radio":[6,30],"Access":[7],"Network":[8],"(RAN)":[9],"vendor":[10],"ecosystem":[11],"by":[12,129],"defining":[13],"architecture":[15],"and":[16,33,127,155,166,191],"interfaces.":[17],"fronthaul":[20],"(O-FH)":[21],"interface":[22,26],"is":[23,108],"a":[24,63,83,122,146,163],"crucial":[25],"between":[27,125],"the":[28,34,70,75,79,90,101,106,140,171,178,181],"Unit":[31,37],"(O-RU)":[32],"Distributed":[36],"(O-DU),":[38],"allowing":[39],"mobile":[40],"network":[41,103],"operators":[42],"to":[43,87,89,110,151,161,176,180,194],"select":[44],"best-of-breed":[45],"O-RUs":[46,150],"among":[47],"multiple":[48,149],"vendors.":[49],"However,":[50],"O-FH":[51,71,132],"also":[52],"introduces":[53,121],"new":[54],"security":[55],"risk.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58,97],"work,":[59],"we":[60],"present":[61],"5G-Muffler,":[62],"set":[64],"of":[65],"covert":[66],"DoS":[67],"attacks":[68],"over":[69],"interface.":[72],"5G-Muffler":[73,99,186],"disrupts":[74],"random":[76],"access":[77],"process,":[78],"initial":[80],"step":[81],"for":[82],"user":[84],"equipment":[85],"(UE)":[86],"connect":[88],"network.":[91],"By":[92],"preventing":[93],"UEs":[94],"from":[95],"completing":[96],"step,":[98],"makes":[100],"5G":[102,142],"inaccessible.":[104],"Furthermore,":[105],"attack":[107,179],"invisible":[109],"anomaly":[111],"detection":[112],"mechanisms":[113],"above":[114],"PHY":[115],"layer.":[116],"Our":[117],"first":[118],"variant,":[119,137],"5G-Muffler-1,":[120],"man-in-the-middle":[123],"device":[124],"O-RU":[126,165],"O-DU":[128],"manipulating":[130],"switch's":[133],"configurations.":[134],"second":[136],"5G-Muffler-2,":[138],"targets":[139],"common":[141],"shared-cell":[143,172],"setup,":[144],"where":[145],"cell":[147],"uses":[148],"enhance":[152],"its":[153],"coverage":[154],"signal":[156,173],"quality.":[157],"5G-Muffler-2":[158],"only":[159],"needs":[160],"control":[162],"single":[164],"it":[167],"leverages":[168],"weakness":[169],"in":[170],"aggregation":[174],"process":[175],"amplify":[177],"whole":[182],"cell.":[183],"We":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"on":[187],"commercial":[188],"systems":[190],"propose":[192],"countermeasures":[193],"mitigate":[195],"these":[196],"attacks.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
