{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415152208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044472","title":"MUFFLER: Secure Tor Traffic Obfuscation with Dynamic Connection Shuffling and Splitting","display_name":"MUFFLER: Secure Tor Traffic Obfuscation with Dynamic Connection Shuffling and Splitting","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415152208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044472","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07543","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084320472","display_name":"Minjae Seo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9240-5213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjae Seo","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETRI,Daejeon,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETRI,Daejeon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062697571","display_name":"Myoungsung You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-5243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Myoungsung You","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101858950","display_name":"Jaehan Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8048-097X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaehan Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea","School of Software, Kwangwoon University,Seoul,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Kwangwoon University,Seoul,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043061967","display_name":"Taejune Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-5996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111277659","display_name":"Chonnam National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kzjxq56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taejune Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Chonnam National University,Gwangju,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Chonnam National University,Gwangju,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111277659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084473174","display_name":"Seungwon Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1077-5606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungwon Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434617","display_name":"Jin-Woo Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4329-6270"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161024014","display_name":"Kwangwoon University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e9zc863","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinwoo Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea","School of Software, Kwangwoon University,Seoul,Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, KAIST,Daejeon,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Kwangwoon University,Seoul,Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161024014"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24502715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9358000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.8804000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byte","display_name":"Byte","score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shuffling","display_name":"Shuffling","score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/padding","display_name":"Padding","score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.3675000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.8804000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6377999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5782999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43364308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8799","display_name":"Byte","level":2,"score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167927819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930567","display_name":"Shuffling","level":2,"score":0.4796000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165435473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509884","display_name":"Padding","level":2,"score":0.39010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3808000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77714075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5452017","display_name":"Firewall (physics)","level":5,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom55648.2025.11044472","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2025 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.07543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07543","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07543","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.07543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2504.07543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2504.07543","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07543","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.07543","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415152208.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415152208.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tor,":[0],"a":[1,52,70,88,161,172],"widely":[2],"utilized":[3],"privacy":[4],"network,":[5],"enables":[6],"anonymous":[7],"communication":[8],"but":[9],"is":[10,134],"vulnerable":[11],"to":[12,34,63,77,87,146,180],"flow":[13],"correlation":[14,158],"attacks":[15,159],"that":[16,154],"deanonymize":[17],"users":[18],"by":[19],"correlating":[20],"traffic":[21,61,73,110,149],"patterns":[22,62,111],"from":[23,114],"Tor's":[24],"ingress":[25,117],"and":[26,50,99,131,188],"egress":[27,58,80,109,148],"segments.":[28],"Various":[29],"defenses":[30],"have":[31,40],"been":[32],"developed":[33],"mitigate":[35],"these":[36],"attacks;":[37],"however,":[38],"they":[39],"two":[41],"critical":[42],"limitations:":[43],"(i)":[44],"significant":[45],"network":[46,141],"overhead":[47,184],"during":[48],"obfuscation":[49,56,74],"(ii)":[51],"lack":[53],"of":[54,91,129,163,168],"dynamic":[55],"for":[57],"segments,":[59],"exposing":[60],"adversaries.":[64],"In":[65],"response,":[66],"we":[67],"introduce":[68],"MUFFLER,":[69],"novel":[71],"connection-level":[72],"system":[75],"designed":[76],"secure":[78],"Tor":[79,97,194],"traffic.":[81],"It":[82],"dynamically":[83],"maps":[84],"real":[85,130],"connections":[86,93,133],"distinct":[89],"set":[90],"virtual":[92,132],"between":[94],"the":[95,192],"final":[96],"nodes":[98],"targeted":[100],"services,":[101],"either":[102],"public":[103],"or":[104,124],"hidden.":[105],"This":[106],"approach":[107],"creates":[108],"fundamentally":[112],"different":[113],"those":[115],"at":[116,165],"segments":[118],"without":[119],"adding":[120],"intentional":[121],"padding":[122],"bytes":[123],"timing":[125],"delays.":[126],"The":[127],"mapping":[128],"adjusted":[135],"in":[136],"real-time":[137],"based":[138],"on":[139],"ongoing":[140],"conditions,":[142],"thwarting":[143],"adversaries'":[144],"efforts":[145],"detect":[147],"patterns.":[150],"Extensive":[151],"evaluations":[152],"show":[153],"MUFFLER":[155],"mitigates":[156],"powerful":[157],"with":[160,191],"TPR":[162],"1%":[164],"an":[166],"FPR":[167],"10\u22122while":[169],"imposing":[170],"only":[171],"2.17%":[173],"bandwidth":[174],"overhead.":[175],"Moreover,":[176],"it":[177],"achieves":[178],"up":[179],"27x":[181],"lower":[182],"latency":[183],"than":[185],"existing":[186],"solutions":[187],"seamlessly":[189],"integrates":[190],"current":[193],"architecture.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-08T07:41:36.138363","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}