{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401508199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom52122.2024.10621121","title":"WFGuard: an Effective Fuzzing-testing-based Traffic Morphing Defense against Website Fingerprinting","display_name":"WFGuard: an Effective Fuzzing-testing-based Traffic Morphing Defense against Website Fingerprinting","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401508199","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom52122.2024.10621121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom52122.2024.10621121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom52122.2024.10621121","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044255077","display_name":"Zhen Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062480940","display_name":"Gui Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6001-789X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gui Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Cyber Science and Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021904060","display_name":"Lan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5627-3521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92178344","display_name":"Anhui University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02qdtrq21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92178344"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui University of Technology,School of Computer Science and Technology,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui University of Technology,School of Computer Science and Technology,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92178344"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009811794","display_name":"Rong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8687-3838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100729468","display_name":"Xiangyu Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1628-906X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067034751","display_name":"Guangchi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4588-3196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangchi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University,School of Computer Science and Engineering,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"441","last_page":"450"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.9615939855575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/morphing","display_name":"Morphing","score":0.6236683130264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6106885671615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5857313871383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.10708561539649963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08462700247764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0838339626789093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.9615939855575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.6236683130264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6106885671615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5857313871383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.10708561539649963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08462700247764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0838339626789093}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom52122.2024.10621121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom52122.2024.10621121","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2024 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335628","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Computer Network and Information Integration","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993568446","https://openalex.org/W2012210084","https://openalex.org/W2012574038","https://openalex.org/W2021949962","https://openalex.org/W2027177092","https://openalex.org/W2062173166","https://openalex.org/W2135579486","https://openalex.org/W2170085959","https://openalex.org/W2272516773","https://openalex.org/W2485000773","https://openalex.org/W2616028256","https://openalex.org/W2763967737","https://openalex.org/W2783301790","https://openalex.org/W2888824816","https://openalex.org/W2913901113","https://openalex.org/W2919728629","https://openalex.org/W2957905354","https://openalex.org/W2963704216","https://openalex.org/W2964602598","https://openalex.org/W3031127859","https://openalex.org/W3047194494","https://openalex.org/W3094227091","https://openalex.org/W3102722348","https://openalex.org/W3103367901","https://openalex.org/W3106813043","https://openalex.org/W3107803931","https://openalex.org/W3154894367","https://openalex.org/W3178469298","https://openalex.org/W3208708185","https://openalex.org/W4288057746","https://openalex.org/W4289950804","https://openalex.org/W6682188453","https://openalex.org/W6693724512","https://openalex.org/W6712428216","https://openalex.org/W6730169306","https://openalex.org/W6744119509","https://openalex.org/W6781761031","https://openalex.org/W6794103382"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2511770387","https://openalex.org/W3120811337","https://openalex.org/W3203597304","https://openalex.org/W4385301282","https://openalex.org/W2990186179","https://openalex.org/W4248424560","https://openalex.org/W3023977444","https://openalex.org/W4210660460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Website":[0],"fingerprinting":[1],"(WF)":[2],"attack":[3],"is":[4,34],"a":[5,13,45,70,87,115,129,175],"type":[6],"of":[7,47,166,190],"traffic":[8,72,110,119,127],"analysis":[9],"attack.":[10],"It":[11],"enables":[12],"local":[14],"and":[15,23,91,101,148,172],"passive":[16],"eavesdropper":[17],"situated":[18],"between":[19],"the":[20,24,32,126,136,139,164,187],"Tor":[21,25,154],"client":[22,33],"entry":[26],"node":[27],"to":[28,55,85,96,153,174],"deduce":[29],"which":[30],"websites":[31],"visiting.":[35],"Currently,":[36],"deep":[37],"learning":[38,58],"(DL)":[39],"based":[40,60,117],"WF":[41,49,61,74,83,106,168,195],"attacks":[42],"have":[43],"overcome":[44],"number":[46],"proposed":[48],"defenses,":[50],"demonstrating":[51],"superior":[52],"performance":[53],"compared":[54],"traditional":[56],"machine":[57],"(ML)":[59],"attacks.":[62,196],"To":[63],"mitigate":[64],"this":[65],"threat,":[66],"we":[67,113],"present":[68,141],"WFGuard,":[69],"fuzzing-testing-based":[71],"morphing":[73],"defense":[75,151],"technique.":[76],"WFGuard":[77,160],"employs":[78],"fine-grained":[79],"neuron":[80],"information":[81],"within":[82],"classifiers":[84,169],"design":[86],"joint":[88],"optimization":[89],"function":[90],"then":[92],"applies":[93],"gradient":[94,116],"ascent":[95],"maximize":[97],"both":[98],"neurons":[99],"value":[100],"misclassification":[102],"possibility":[103],"in":[104,142,193],"DL-based":[105,167],"classifiers.":[107],"During":[108],"each":[109],"mutation":[111],"cycle,":[112],"propose":[114],"dummy":[118],"injection":[120],"pattern":[121,130,140],"generation":[122],"approach,":[123],"continuously":[124],"mutating":[125],"until":[128],"emerges":[131],"that":[132,159],"can":[133,161],"successfully":[134],"deceive":[135],"classifier.":[137],"Finally,":[138],"successful":[143],"variant":[144],"traces":[145],"are":[146],"extracted":[147],"applied":[149],"as":[150],"strategies":[152],"traffic.":[155],"Extensive":[156],"evaluations":[157],"reveal":[158],"effectively":[162],"decrease":[163],"accuracy":[165],"(e.g.,":[170],"DF":[171],"Var-CNN)":[173],"mere":[176],"4.43%,":[177],"while":[178],"only":[179],"incurring":[180],"an":[181],"11.04%":[182],"bandwidth":[183],"overhead.":[184],"This":[185],"highlights":[186],"potential":[188],"efficacy":[189],"our":[191],"approach":[192],"mitigating":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
