{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283215026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796975","title":"When Deep Learning Meets Steganography: Protecting Inference Privacy in the Dark","display_name":"When Deep Learning Meets Steganography: Protecting Inference Privacy in the Dark","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283215026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796975","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2022 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112597668","display_name":"Qin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-4501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University,College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,P. R. China","College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University,College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100531893","display_name":"Jiamin Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiamin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University,College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,P. R. China","College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University,College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061448582","display_name":"Hongbo Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7372-2539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan University,College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,P. R. China","College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan University,College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100600528","display_name":"Jie Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3472-1717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Temple University,Department of Computer and Information Sciences,Philadelphia,USA","Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Temple University,Department of Computer and Information Sciences,Philadelphia,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038492850","display_name":"Tao Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1653-4501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou University,School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering,P. R. China","School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou University,School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006546107","display_name":"Tian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4819-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Normal University & UIC,Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks,P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Normal University & UIC,Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Future Networks,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386726","display_name":"Guojun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9875-4182"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guojun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou University,School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering,P. R. China","School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, P. R. China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou University,School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering,P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Cyber Engineering, Guangzhou University, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6472,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77954688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"590","last_page":"599"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8036259412765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.7976200580596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.7937096357345581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6493816375732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6187318563461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.522954523563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5114356875419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5095487236976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4741653501987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4621022939682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.43414193391799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4272683560848236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4215278923511505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.29606664180755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.14097389578819275}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8036259412765503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.7976200580596924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.7937096357345581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6493816375732422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6187318563461304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.522954523563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5114356875419617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5095487236976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4741653501987457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4621022939682007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.43414193391799927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4272683560848236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4215278923511505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29606664180755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14097389578819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796975","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796975","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2022 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313559","display_name":"CERN","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34239198","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1873763122","https://openalex.org/W1981029888","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2031738616","https://openalex.org/W2041560266","https://openalex.org/W2053637704","https://openalex.org/W2067713319","https://openalex.org/W2088492763","https://openalex.org/W2091825929","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2136655611","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2294710185","https://openalex.org/W2335728318","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2463516579","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2593634001","https://openalex.org/W2765200655","https://openalex.org/W2793398195","https://openalex.org/W2797851444","https://openalex.org/W2799040448","https://openalex.org/W2805074088","https://openalex.org/W2805375573","https://openalex.org/W2806377849","https://openalex.org/W2809414288","https://openalex.org/W2885216147","https://openalex.org/W2913608349","https://openalex.org/W2919023666","https://openalex.org/W2960833983","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963313259","https://openalex.org/W2963448658","https://openalex.org/W2963752132","https://openalex.org/W2963963190","https://openalex.org/W3008493372","https://openalex.org/W3011434423","https://openalex.org/W3024103409","https://openalex.org/W3034162411","https://openalex.org/W3037650204","https://openalex.org/W3083185154","https://openalex.org/W3084432478","https://openalex.org/W3093137868","https://openalex.org/W3096264229","https://openalex.org/W3108146280","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3123057515","https://openalex.org/W3126361953","https://openalex.org/W4250776762","https://openalex.org/W4288621164","https://openalex.org/W4297749952","https://openalex.org/W4298221930","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W6601402213","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6639246211","https://openalex.org/W6663928093","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6703116779","https://openalex.org/W6717974185","https://openalex.org/W6719314992","https://openalex.org/W6746720608","https://openalex.org/W6748326195","https://openalex.org/W6749255846","https://openalex.org/W6751897363","https://openalex.org/W6751922297","https://openalex.org/W6752112591","https://openalex.org/W6753474897","https://openalex.org/W6770399320","https://openalex.org/W6772202470","https://openalex.org/W6779509215","https://openalex.org/W6780555024","https://openalex.org/W6782715103","https://openalex.org/W6787972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W3176240006","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4288019534","https://openalex.org/W4310988119"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"cloud-based":[1],"deep":[2,62,195],"learning":[3],"benefits":[4],"for":[5,82],"high-accuracy":[6],"inference,":[7],"it":[8],"leads":[9],"to":[10,18,48,69,88,116,132,174],"potential":[11],"privacy":[12,142,192],"risks":[13],"when":[14],"exposing":[15],"sensitive":[16,50,98,122],"data":[17,83],"untrusted":[19],"servers.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22,77,160],"paper,":[23],"we":[24,37],"work":[25,164],"on":[26],"exploring":[27],"the":[28,54,59,80,86,94,97,110,118,138,151,157,162,170],"feasibility":[29],"of":[30,96,121,172,194],"steganography":[31,47,168,186],"in":[32,53,101,190],"preserving":[33],"inference":[34,44,55,177],"privacy.":[35],"Specifically,":[36],"devise":[38],"GHOST":[39,108],"and":[40,143,169],"GHOST+,":[41],"two":[42],"private":[43,176],"solutions":[45,149],"employing":[46],"make":[49],"images":[51],"invisible":[52],"phase.":[56],"Motivated":[57],"by":[58],"fact":[60],"that":[61,107,165,185],"neural":[63],"networks":[64],"(DNNs)":[65],"are":[66],"inherently":[67],"vulnerable":[68],"adversarial":[70,129,134],"attacks,":[71],"our":[72],"main":[73,104],"idea":[74],"is":[75,106,161],"turning":[76],"vulnerability":[78],"into":[79,93,112],"weapon":[81],"privacy,":[84],"enabling":[85],"DNN":[87,111],"misclassify":[89],"a":[90,113,127,144],"stego":[91],"image":[92,99],"class":[95],"hidden":[100,119],"it.":[102],"The":[103],"difference":[105],"retrains":[109],"poisoned":[114],"network":[115,130],"learn":[117],"features":[120],"images,":[123],"but":[124],"GHOST+":[125],"leverages":[126],"generative":[128],"(GAN)":[131],"produce":[133],"perturbations":[135],"without":[136],"altering":[137],"DNN.":[139],"For":[140],"enhanced":[141],"better":[145],"computation-communication":[146],"trade-off,":[147],"both":[148],"adopt":[150],"edge-cloud":[152],"collaborative":[153],"framework.":[154],"Compared":[155],"with":[156],"previous":[158],"solutions,":[159],"first":[163],"successfully":[166],"integrates":[167],"nature":[171],"DNNs":[173],"achieve":[175],"while":[178],"ensuring":[179],"high":[180],"accuracy.":[181],"Extensive":[182],"experiments":[183],"validate":[184],"has":[187],"excellent":[188],"ability":[189],"accuracy-aware":[191],"protection":[193],"learning.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}