{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4283214123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796786","title":"MalGraph: Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Robust Windows Malware Detection","display_name":"MalGraph: Hierarchical Graph Neural Networks for Robust Windows Malware Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4283214123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607980","display_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2022 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2022 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101416036","display_name":"Xiang Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7377-7844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiang Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Software","Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,Institute of Software","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011825081","display_name":"Lingfei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3660-651X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingfei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["JD.COM Silicon Valley Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"JD.COM Silicon Valley Research Center","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108050770","display_name":"Wei Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5937-9877"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002183066","display_name":"Zhenqing Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9246-4671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenqing Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086942701","display_name":"Jiangyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1714-3684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021142269","display_name":"Sheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-6261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086690079","display_name":"Tengfei Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1086-529X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tengfei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100449066","display_name":"Bin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5265-1030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4401727007","display_name":"Hikvision (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02jzypx27","country_code":null,"type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4401727007"]}],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co., Ltd","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4401727007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013518014","display_name":"Chunming Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058611515","display_name":"Shouling Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4268-372X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shouling Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101416036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I76130692"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3584,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95971042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1998","last_page":"2007"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8380292654037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7953683137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/executable","display_name":"Executable","score":0.6635750532150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.602523684501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4856030344963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.468595415353775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.45873868465423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.42460116744041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3920813202857971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.28740090131759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1418142318725586}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8380292654037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7953683137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160145156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778586","display_name":"Executable","level":2,"score":0.6635750532150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.602523684501648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4856030344963074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.468595415353775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45873868465423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.42460116744041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3920813202857971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28740090131759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1418142318725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom48880.2022.9796786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607980","display_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2022 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2022 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/044vr6g03"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94487276","https://openalex.org/W1966831167","https://openalex.org/W2050855115","https://openalex.org/W2068211976","https://openalex.org/W2099053789","https://openalex.org/W2106411961","https://openalex.org/W2144112223","https://openalex.org/W2155653793","https://openalex.org/W2401293755","https://openalex.org/W2514847810","https://openalex.org/W2532962075","https://openalex.org/W2577142429","https://openalex.org/W2749008552","https://openalex.org/W2788657021","https://openalex.org/W2799420851","https://openalex.org/W2899771611","https://openalex.org/W2901689459","https://openalex.org/W2902543210","https://openalex.org/W2906943923","https://openalex.org/W2908510526","https://openalex.org/W2942795289","https://openalex.org/W2949755578","https://openalex.org/W2951659295","https://openalex.org/W2963165251","https://openalex.org/W2964015378","https://openalex.org/W2964159373","https://openalex.org/W2969904462","https://openalex.org/W2982645003","https://openalex.org/W3007070494","https://openalex.org/W3013520104","https://openalex.org/W3015481738","https://openalex.org/W3024608270","https://openalex.org/W3048984387","https://openalex.org/W3080802004","https://openalex.org/W3081295916","https://openalex.org/W3088341230","https://openalex.org/W3089994140","https://openalex.org/W3093604544","https://openalex.org/W3105926539","https://openalex.org/W3111533025","https://openalex.org/W3139081114","https://openalex.org/W3161713900","https://openalex.org/W4206199331","https://openalex.org/W4226358749","https://openalex.org/W4288419263","https://openalex.org/W4289436753","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W4297733535","https://openalex.org/W4297747285","https://openalex.org/W4300687693","https://openalex.org/W6676179485","https://openalex.org/W6681122466","https://openalex.org/W6726873649","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6745537798","https://openalex.org/W6745899033","https://openalex.org/W6748670080","https://openalex.org/W6750318962","https://openalex.org/W6751070894","https://openalex.org/W6753331806","https://openalex.org/W6756040250","https://openalex.org/W6757634740","https://openalex.org/W6757817989","https://openalex.org/W6760045743","https://openalex.org/W6763123837","https://openalex.org/W6777342446","https://openalex.org/W6781817299","https://openalex.org/W6810674860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2350278424","https://openalex.org/W2071432835","https://openalex.org/W2097492617","https://openalex.org/W4234371507","https://openalex.org/W4299534542","https://openalex.org/W1628824497","https://openalex.org/W4239401009","https://openalex.org/W2053441600","https://openalex.org/W1995118279","https://openalex.org/W4240624848"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,79,119,126,135,142,147],"ever-increasing":[2],"malware":[3,5,104,182],"threats,":[4],"detection":[6],"plays":[7],"an":[8,94],"indispensable":[9],"role":[10],"in":[11],"protecting":[12],"information":[13,164],"systems.":[14],"Although":[15],"tremendous":[16],"research":[17],"efforts":[18],"have":[19],"been":[20],"made,":[21],"there":[22],"are":[23,57],"still":[24],"two":[25],"key":[26],"challenges":[27],"hindering":[28],"them":[29,42,156],"from":[30],"being":[31],"applied":[32],"to":[33,160,171],"accurately":[34],"and":[35,52,69,91,129,149],"robustly":[36],"detect":[37],"malwares.":[38],"Firstly,":[39],"most":[40],"of":[41,112,138,152,165],"represent":[43],"executables":[44,87],"with":[45,88],"shallow":[46],"features,":[47],"but":[48,167,184],"ignore":[49],"their":[50],"semantic":[51],"structural":[53,136,163],"information.":[54],"Secondly,":[55],"they":[56],"primarily":[58],"based":[59,98],"on":[60,99],"representations":[61],"that":[62,117,176],"can":[63],"be":[64,169],"easily":[65],"modified":[66],"by":[67,192],"attackers":[68],"thus":[70],"cannot":[71],"provide":[72],"robustness":[73,188],"against":[74,189],"adversarial":[75,172,190],"attacks.":[76,173],"To":[77],"tackle":[78],"challenges,":[80],"we":[81],"present":[82],"MalGraph,":[83],"which":[84],"first":[85],"represents":[86],"hierarchical":[89,109,153],"graphs":[90,132,154],"then":[92],"uses":[93],"end-to-end":[95],"learning":[96,134],"framework":[97],"graph":[100,110,116],"neural":[101],"networks":[102],"for":[103,133],"detection.":[105],"In":[106],"particular,":[107],"a":[108,113,193],"consists":[111],"function":[114,140],"call":[115],"captures":[118],"interaction":[120],"semantics":[121,137],"among":[122],"different":[123],"functions":[124],"at":[125,141],"inter-function":[127],"level":[128],"corresponding":[130],"control-flow":[131],"each":[139],"intra-function":[143],"level.":[144],"We":[145],"argue":[146],"abstraction":[148],"hierarchy":[150],"nature":[151],"makes":[155],"not":[157,178],"only":[158,179],"easy":[159],"capture":[161],"rich":[162],"executables,":[166],"also":[168,185],"immune":[170],"Evaluations":[174],"show":[175],"MalGraph":[177],"outperforms":[180],"state-of-the-art":[181],"detection,":[183],"exhibits":[186],"stronger":[187],"attacks":[191],"large":[194],"margin.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T09:01:20.584952","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}