{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3008336424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom41043.2020.9155451","title":"Modeling the Impact of Network Connectivity on Consensus Security of Proof-of-Work Blockchain","display_name":"Modeling the Impact of Network Connectivity on Consensus Security of Proof-of-Work Blockchain","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3008336424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom41043.2020.9155451","mag":"3008336424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom41043.2020.9155451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom41043.2020.9155451","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.08912","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009050006","display_name":"Yang Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-3197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404897","display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0670-2161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001879281","display_name":"Wenjing Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2421-4623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059824798","display_name":"Y. Thomas Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3716-5768"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. Thomas Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8716,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97700966,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1648","last_page":"1657"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8271128535270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7338724136352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6938996911048889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.6337547302246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5507014989852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premise","display_name":"Premise","score":0.5287948250770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.47014835476875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.466886430978775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.44219422340393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.13338801264762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07770967483520508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8271128535270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7338724136352539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6938996911048889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.6337547302246094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5507014989852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.5287948250770569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.47014835476875305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.466886430978775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.44219422340393066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13338801264762878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07770967483520508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom41043.2020.9155451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom41043.2020.9155451","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.08912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08912","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.08912","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2002.08912","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2002.08912","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2002.08912","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1483733351","https://openalex.org/W1523833175","https://openalex.org/W2057248704","https://openalex.org/W2077779737","https://openalex.org/W2103863878","https://openalex.org/W2132022337","https://openalex.org/W2171707538","https://openalex.org/W2286029546","https://openalex.org/W2295506186","https://openalex.org/W2295940006","https://openalex.org/W2397661077","https://openalex.org/W2511446761","https://openalex.org/W2536325433","https://openalex.org/W2576824898","https://openalex.org/W2767855054","https://openalex.org/W2783808332","https://openalex.org/W2971052312","https://openalex.org/W3098532907","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W6631441790","https://openalex.org/W6695790672","https://openalex.org/W6745563861","https://openalex.org/W6784882421"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W4320018150","https://openalex.org/W2040808657","https://openalex.org/W4239582170","https://openalex.org/W2918664383","https://openalex.org/W106056076","https://openalex.org/W4320855730","https://openalex.org/W2135200719","https://openalex.org/W2981481350"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain,":[0],"the":[1,4,39,44,55,65,78,90,102,126,131,147,156,162,191,203,214,231],"technology":[2],"behind":[3],"popular":[5],"Bitcoin,":[6],"is":[7,16,47,61,87,140],"considered":[8],"a":[9,22,29,198,227,238],"\"security":[10],"by":[11,130,149],"design\"":[12],"system":[13,46],"as":[14,52,54,114],"it":[15],"meant":[17],"to":[18,49,154,177],"create":[19],"security":[20,34,128,164,211,232],"among":[21],"group":[23],"of":[24,35,41,57,67,77,92,118,158,165,194,213,234],"distrustful":[25],"parties":[26],"yet":[27],"without":[28],"central":[30],"trusted":[31],"authority.":[32],"The":[33],"blockchain":[36,45,119,167],"relies":[37],"on":[38,89,101,161,210],"premise":[40],"honest-majority,":[42,132],"namely,":[43],"assumed":[48],"be":[50],"secure":[51],"long":[53],"majority":[56],"consensus":[58,127,163,215,240],"voting":[59],"power":[60,94],"honest.":[62],"And":[63],"in":[64,197,237],"case":[66],"proof-of-work":[68],"(PoW)":[69],"blockchain,":[70],"adversaries":[71],"cannot":[72],"control":[73],"more":[74],"than":[75],"50%":[76,85],"network's":[79],"gross":[80],"computing":[81,93],"power.":[82],"However,":[83],"this":[84,143],"threshold":[86],"based":[88],"analysis":[91,136,225],"only,":[95],"with":[96],"implicit":[97],"and":[98,104,121,201,207,224],"idealistic":[99],"assumptions":[100],"network":[103,115,159],"node":[105],"behavior.":[106],"Recent":[107],"researches":[108],"have":[109],"alluded":[110],"that":[111],"factors":[112,236],"such":[113],"connectivity,":[116],"presence":[117],"forks,":[120],"mining":[122,205],"strategy":[123],"could":[124],"undermine":[125],"assured":[129],"but":[133],"neither":[134],"concrete":[135],"nor":[137],"quantitative":[138],"evaluation":[139],"provided.":[141],"In":[142],"paper":[144],"we":[145,189],"fill":[146],"gap":[148],"proposing":[150],"an":[151],"analytical":[152,175],"model":[153,176],"assess":[155],"impact":[157,209,233],"connectivity":[160],"PoW":[166],"under":[168],"different":[169],"adversary":[170],"models.":[171],"We":[172],"apply":[173],"our":[174,220],"two":[178],"adversarial":[179],"scenarios:":[180],"1)":[181],"honest-but-potentially-colluding,":[182],"2)":[183],"selfish":[184],"mining.":[185],"For":[186],"each":[187],"scenario,":[188],"quantify":[190],"communication":[192],"capability":[193],"nodes":[195],"involved":[196],"fork":[199],"race":[200],"estimate":[202],"adversary's":[204],"revenue":[206],"its":[208],"properties":[212],"protocol.":[216],"Simulation":[217],"results":[218],"validated":[219],"analysis.":[221],"Our":[222],"modeling":[223],"provide":[226],"paradigm":[228],"for":[229],"assessing":[230],"various":[235],"distributed":[239],"system.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-26T07:47:46.906454","created_date":"2020-03-06T00:00:00"}
