{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1989115430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2014.6847958","title":"Electronic frog eye: Counting crowd using WiFi","display_name":"Electronic frog eye: Counting crowd using WiFi","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1989115430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2014.6847958","mag":"1989115430"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom.2014.6847958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2014.6847958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2014 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050052141","display_name":"Wei Xi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9348-2982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019 an Jiaotong University","Dept. of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019 an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101471775","display_name":"Jizhong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1037-9619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jizhong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019 an Jiaotong University","Dept. of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019 an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082855855","display_name":"Xiangyang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1623-316X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiang-Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology and TNLIST, Tsinghua University","Department of Computer Science and Technology, and TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology and TNLIST, Tsinghua University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, and TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056251077","display_name":"Kun Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8381-3714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019 an Jiaotong University","Dept. of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019 an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050393292","display_name":"Shaojie Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-5210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84392919","display_name":"Temple University","ror":"https://ror.org/00kx1jb78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaojie Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Science, Temple University","Department of Computer and Information Science, Temple University, Philadelphia PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Temple University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Science, Temple University, Philadelphia PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84392919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100372175","display_name":"Xue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-2744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University","[Sch. of Comput. Sci., McGill Univ., Montreal, QC, Canada]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sch. of Comput. Sci., McGill Univ., Montreal, QC, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010604991","display_name":"Zhiping Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-870X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiping Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019 an Jiaotong University","Dept. of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Xi\u2019 an Jiaotong University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":405,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"361","last_page":"369"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7990201711654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7804195880889893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6293213367462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5707026720046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotonic-function","display_name":"Monotonic function","score":0.5667822957038879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.4951402246952057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48908883333206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4887954890727997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4327159523963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4047645330429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3778502345085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.3669992685317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34112948179244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3225622773170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.25405994057655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1795957088470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1216118335723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10207816958427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.0990811288356781}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7990201711654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7804195880889893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6293213367462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5707026720046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72169020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194404","display_name":"Monotonic function","level":2,"score":0.5667822957038879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.4951402246952057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48908883333206177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4887954890727997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4327159523963928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4047645330429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3778502345085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.3669992685317993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34112948179244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3225622773170471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25405994057655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1795957088470459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1216118335723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10207816958427429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0990811288356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infocom.2014.6847958","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2014.6847958","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2014 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.640.1968","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.640.1968","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.iit.edu/~xli/paper/Conf/Frogeye-info14.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7200000286102295}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W162084894","https://openalex.org/W1577818368","https://openalex.org/W1965308036","https://openalex.org/W1994961964","https://openalex.org/W2005059864","https://openalex.org/W2006327170","https://openalex.org/W2014758824","https://openalex.org/W2039506494","https://openalex.org/W2097427314","https://openalex.org/W2100045669","https://openalex.org/W2111100070","https://openalex.org/W2112737587","https://openalex.org/W2112805769","https://openalex.org/W2114142662","https://openalex.org/W2116685941","https://openalex.org/W2120815373","https://openalex.org/W2129045955","https://openalex.org/W2133999954","https://openalex.org/W2138810562","https://openalex.org/W2141336889","https://openalex.org/W2142216726","https://openalex.org/W2160752465","https://openalex.org/W2163993204","https://openalex.org/W2164692160","https://openalex.org/W2170102584","https://openalex.org/W2183249040","https://openalex.org/W2185564786","https://openalex.org/W2396705308","https://openalex.org/W2997125510","https://openalex.org/W2999214452","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6606573566","https://openalex.org/W6634609459","https://openalex.org/W6676938293","https://openalex.org/W6678246861","https://openalex.org/W6680840203","https://openalex.org/W6686044969","https://openalex.org/W6686484616"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2077314575","https://openalex.org/W4315701745","https://openalex.org/W1990290471","https://openalex.org/W4380682190","https://openalex.org/W2005710836","https://openalex.org/W2102386043","https://openalex.org/W2945307361","https://openalex.org/W2116636209","https://openalex.org/W2113265763","https://openalex.org/W2752178021"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Crowd":[0,85],"counting,":[1],"which":[2,189],"count":[3],"or":[4,57],"accurately":[5],"estimate":[6],"the":[7,116,119,125,148,151,166,173,185,225],"number":[8,120,153],"of":[9,121,127,137,157,168],"human":[10,66],"beings":[11],"within":[12],"a":[13,55,83,110,142,164,196],"region,":[14],"is":[15,96,103,139,190],"critical":[16],"in":[17,54,75,134,172,215],"many":[18],"applications,":[19],"such":[20],"as":[21],"guided":[22],"tour,":[23],"crowd":[24,32,152,193],"control":[25],"and":[26,29,38,70,73,124,154,208,233],"marketing":[27],"research":[28],"analysis.":[30],"A":[31,131],"counting":[33,194],"solution":[34],"should":[35],"be":[36,39,181],"scalable":[37],"minimally":[40],"intrusive":[41],"(i.e.,":[42],"device-free)":[43],"to":[44,106,140,146],"users.":[45],"Image-based":[46],"solutions":[47,62],"are":[48,71],"device-free,":[49],"but":[50],"cannot":[51],"work":[52],"well":[53],"dim":[56],"dark":[58],"environment.":[59],"Non-image":[60],"based":[61,88],"usually":[63],"require":[64],"every":[65],"being":[67],"carrying":[68],"device,":[69],"inaccurate":[72],"unreliable":[74],"practice.":[76],"In":[77],"this":[78,160],"paper,":[79],"we":[80,162],"present":[81],"FCC,":[82],"device-Free":[84],"Counting":[86],"approach":[87],"on":[89],"Channel":[90],"State":[91],"Information":[92],"(CSI).":[93],"Our":[94,219],"design":[95,136],"motivated":[97],"by":[98,184],"our":[99,135],"observation":[100],"that":[101,222],"CSI":[102,175],"highly":[104],"sensitive":[105],"environment":[107],"variation,":[108],"like":[109],"frog":[111],"eye.":[112],"We":[113,200],"theoretically":[114],"discuss":[115],"relationship":[117,149,179],"between":[118,150],"moving":[122],"people":[123],"variation":[126],"wireless":[128],"channel":[129],"state.":[130],"major":[132],"challenge":[133],"FCC":[138,202,223],"find":[141],"stable":[143],"monotonic":[144,178],"function":[145],"characterize":[147],"various":[155],"features":[156],"CSI.":[158],"To":[159],"end,":[161],"propose":[163],"metric,":[165],"Percentage":[167],"nonzero":[169],"Elements":[170],"(PEM),":[171],"dilated":[174],"Matrix.":[176],"The":[177],"can":[180],"explicitly":[182],"formulated":[183],"Grey":[186],"Verhulst":[187],"Model,":[188],"used":[191],"for":[192],"without":[195],"labor-intensive":[197],"site":[198],"survey.":[199],"implement":[201],"using":[203],"off-the-shelf":[204],"IEEE":[205],"802.11n":[206],"devices":[207],"evaluate":[209],"its":[210],"performance":[211],"via":[212],"extensive":[213],"experiments":[214],"typical":[216],"real-world":[217],"scenarios.":[218],"results":[220],"demonstrate":[221],"outperforms":[224],"state-of-art":[226],"approaches":[227],"with":[228],"much":[229],"better":[230],"accuracy,":[231],"scalability":[232],"reliability.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":59},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}