{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2976836186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcomw.2019.8845315","title":"FlowPic: Encrypted Internet Traffic Classification is as Easy as Image Recognition","display_name":"FlowPic: Encrypted Internet Traffic Classification is as Easy as Image Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2976836186","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcomw.2019.8845315","mag":"2976836186"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infcomw.2019.8845315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcomw.2019.8845315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2019 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058946324","display_name":"Tal Shapira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7151-0927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tal Shapira","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063909753","display_name":"Yuval Shavitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0701-2405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16391192","display_name":"Tel Aviv University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mhzgx49","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuval Shavitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058946324"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16391192"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.6574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":161,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97794895,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"680","last_page":"687"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.8450028896331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.826984167098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8149913549423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6961522102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.6364409327507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6236226558685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-traffic","display_name":"Internet traffic","score":0.5956919193267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5615015029907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5062450766563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4681219160556793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43054595589637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.42740583419799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.41249412298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","score":0.41138404607772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4112575054168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22825947403907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.10802662372589111}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.8450028896331787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.826984167098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8149913549423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6961522102355957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.6364409327507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6236226558685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63969886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3536440","display_name":"Internet traffic","level":3,"score":0.5956919193267822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5615015029907227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5062450766563416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4681219160556793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43054595589637756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.42740583419799805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41249412298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.41138404607772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4112575054168701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22825947403907776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.10802662372589111}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infcomw.2019.8845315","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcomw.2019.8845315","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2019 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169052826","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1524496078","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1904365287","https://openalex.org/W1982728146","https://openalex.org/W2006223810","https://openalex.org/W2012095206","https://openalex.org/W2051000513","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2149600645","https://openalex.org/W2161251616","https://openalex.org/W2162363099","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2529496964","https://openalex.org/W2591712613","https://openalex.org/W2599600800","https://openalex.org/W2613715541","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2784189535","https://openalex.org/W2912386632","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W4255738146","https://openalex.org/W4301866626","https://openalex.org/W6606879723","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6640036494","https://openalex.org/W6744538726"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2547456248","https://openalex.org/W4312241727","https://openalex.org/W4384946034","https://openalex.org/W3036573907","https://openalex.org/W2567120387","https://openalex.org/W2554395890","https://openalex.org/W2152125195","https://openalex.org/W2182343390","https://openalex.org/W2027016628","https://openalex.org/W4205292708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Identifying":[0],"the":[1,22,45,82,90,97,133,155,162,193],"type":[2],"of":[3,24,154,171],"a":[4,8,49,63,65,113,138],"network":[5],"flow":[6,60,83],"or":[7],"specific":[9],"application":[10,91],"has":[11],"many":[12],"advantages,":[13],"but":[14],"become":[15],"harder":[16],"in":[17,92,192],"recent":[18],"years":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,80,165],"use":[23,161],"encryption,":[25],"e.g.,":[26],"by":[27,57],"VPN":[28,121,130],"and":[29,38,67,89,122,183],"Tor.":[30],"Current":[31],"solutions":[32],"rely":[33],"mostly":[34],"on":[35],"handcrafted":[36],"features":[37],"then":[39,68],"apply":[40],"supervised":[41],"learning":[42,74],"techniques":[43],"for":[44,52,120,137],"classification.":[46],"We":[47,94,110,125,158],"introduce":[48],"novel":[50],"approach":[51,103,175],"encrypted":[53],"Internet":[54],"traffic":[55,106,131],"classification":[56,72,186],"transforming":[58],"basic":[59],"data":[61],"into":[62],"picture,":[64],"FlowPic,":[66],"using":[69,96],"known":[70],"image":[71],"deep":[73],"techniques,":[75],"Convolutional":[76],"Neural":[77],"Networks":[78],"(CNNs),":[79],"identify":[81,112,144],"category":[84,114],"(browsing,":[85],"chat,":[86],"video,":[87],"etc.)":[88],"use.":[93],"show":[95],"UNB":[98],"ISCX":[99],"datasets":[100],"that":[101,150,188],"our":[102,174],"can":[104,111,143,159,184],"classify":[105,166],"with":[107,115,127,145,168],"high":[108,117,128],"accuracy.":[109],"very":[116],"accuracy":[118,170],"even":[119],"Tor":[123],"traffic.":[124,140],"classified":[126],"success":[129,147],"when":[132],"training":[134,156],"was":[135],"done":[136],"non-VPN":[139],"Our":[141],"categorization":[142],"good":[146],"new":[148],"applications":[149,167],"were":[151,189],"not":[152,190],"part":[153],"phase.":[157],"also":[160],"same":[163],"CNN":[164],"an":[169],"99.7%.":[172],"Overall,":[173],"achieves":[176],"significant":[177],"better":[178],"performance":[179],"than":[180],"previous":[181],"work,":[182],"handle":[185],"problems":[187],"studied":[191],"past.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
