{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2171318529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2012.6195627","title":"Extensive analysis and large-scale empirical evaluation of tor bridge discovery","display_name":"Extensive analysis and large-scale empirical evaluation of tor bridge discovery","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2171318529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2012.6195627","mag":"2171318529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infcom.2012.6195627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2012.6195627","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044255077","display_name":"Zhen Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["South East University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South East University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045275291","display_name":"Junzhou Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-4367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junzhou Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["South East University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South East University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002139930","display_name":"Wei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-7340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towson University, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towson University, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100708940","display_name":"Ming Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8209-1000"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78974044","display_name":"East China University of Political Science and Law","ror":"https://ror.org/01d1erx18","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["South East University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South East University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78974044"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063375840","display_name":"Xinwen Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2391-7789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwen Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Lowell, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Lowell, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.9417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":53,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98585512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9725000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6848458051681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6590096354484558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.6390935182571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/router","display_name":"Router","score":0.6194033622741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.559176504611969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5387879610061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/censorship","display_name":"Censorship","score":0.4777211844921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.46083053946495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.4434003531932831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4428390860557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4249330163002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19853869080543518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.19228389859199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11942347884178162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6848458051681519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6590096354484558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6390935182571411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775896111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q642560","display_name":"Router","level":2,"score":0.6194033622741699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.559176504611969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5387879610061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52930066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543","display_name":"Censorship","level":2,"score":0.4777211844921112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.46083053946495056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.4434003531932831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4428390860557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4249330163002014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19853869080543518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.19228389859199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11942347884178162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infcom.2012.6195627","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2012.6195627","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.385.8894","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.385.8894","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.uml.edu/~xinwenfu/paper/Bridge.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1655958391","https://openalex.org/W1831641206","https://openalex.org/W2025849595","https://openalex.org/W2027048292","https://openalex.org/W2029770675","https://openalex.org/W2057013240","https://openalex.org/W2076282258","https://openalex.org/W2081307968","https://openalex.org/W2122281733","https://openalex.org/W2156410527","https://openalex.org/W2171318529","https://openalex.org/W2189383068","https://openalex.org/W6637080381","https://openalex.org/W6638378228","https://openalex.org/W6656883958","https://openalex.org/W6687497292"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048123072","https://openalex.org/W2547217810","https://openalex.org/W4235117662","https://openalex.org/W2773095179","https://openalex.org/W3098032624","https://openalex.org/W4281923375","https://openalex.org/W2011176856","https://openalex.org/W3008596369","https://openalex.org/W4246230919","https://openalex.org/W2044810383"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Tor":[0,18,31,71,86,99],"is":[1,9,117],"a":[2],"well-known":[3],"low-latency":[4],"anonymous":[5],"communication":[6],"system":[7],"that":[8,108],"able":[10],"to":[11,122,133],"bypass":[12],"Internet":[13],"censorship.":[14],"However,":[15],"publicly":[16],"announced":[17],"routers":[19,116],"are":[20],"being":[21],"blocked":[22],"by":[23,69,96],"various":[24],"parties.":[25],"To":[26],"counter":[27,134],"the":[28,36,48,89,109,131,135],"censorship":[29],"blocking,":[30],"introduced":[32],"nonpublic":[33],"bridges":[34,58,68,87,95,124],"as":[35],"first-hop":[37],"relay":[38],"into":[39],"its":[40],"core":[41],"network.":[42],"In":[43],"this":[44],"paper,":[45],"we":[46],"analyzed":[47],"effectiveness":[49],"of":[50,53],"two":[51,90],"categories":[52],"bridge-discovery":[54],"approaches:":[55],"(i)":[56],"enumerating":[57],"from":[59],"bridge":[60,110,137],"https":[61],"and":[62,65,78,93,120],"email":[63],"servers,":[64],"(ii)":[66],"inferring":[67],"malicious":[70,114,136],"middle":[72,100,115],"routers.":[73],"Large-scale":[74],"experiments":[75],"were":[76],"conducted":[77],"validated":[79],"our":[80],"theoretic":[81],"findings.":[82],"We":[83,128],"discovered":[84],"2365":[85],"through":[88],"enumeration":[91],"approaches":[92],"2369":[94],"only":[97],"one":[98],"router":[101],"in":[102],"14":[103],"days.":[104],"Our":[105],"study":[106],"shows":[107],"discovery":[111],"based":[112],"on":[113],"simple,":[118],"efficient":[119],"effective":[121],"discover":[123],"with":[125],"little":[126],"overhead.":[127],"also":[129],"discussed":[130],"mechanisms":[132],"discovery.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
