{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2142465565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2009.5062181","title":"Using Three States for Binary Consensus on Complete Graphs","display_name":"Using Three States for Binary Consensus on Complete Graphs","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2142465565","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2009.5062181","mag":"2142465565"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infcom.2009.5062181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2009.5062181","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2009","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/59437","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060606636","display_name":"Etienne Perron","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Perron","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPFL, Lausanne","[EPFL Lausanne]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPFL, Lausanne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[EPFL Lausanne]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066905833","display_name":"Dinkar Vasudevan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Vasudevan","raw_affiliation_strings":["EPFL, Lausanne","[EPFL Lausanne]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EPFL, Lausanne","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[EPFL Lausanne]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079870557","display_name":"Milan Vojnovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-022X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164937","display_name":"Microsoft Research (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k87vq12","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Vojnovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research Limited, Cambridge, UK","Microsoft (United States), Redmond, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research Limited, Cambridge, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft (United States), Redmond, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95250548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2527","last_page":"2535"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.6714674234390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6180701851844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5892813205718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5618257522583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5590899586677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4930231273174286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.4400854706764221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.43056538701057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.4276135563850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.42356419563293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.321617066860199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22856757044792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.19919630885124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.12483048439025879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.07469666004180908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6714674234390259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6180701851844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5892813205718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5618257522583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5590899586677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4930231273174286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.4400854706764221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.43056538701057434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.4276135563850403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.42356419563293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.321617066860199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22856757044792175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.19919630885124207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.12483048439025879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.07469666004180908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infcom.2009.5062181","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2009.5062181","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2009","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:158979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/158979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400488","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:158979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/59437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.tind.io:158979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/handle/20.500.14299/59437","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320924","display_name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/00yjd3n13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1521233381","https://openalex.org/W1586184796","https://openalex.org/W1795922904","https://openalex.org/W1897619428","https://openalex.org/W2009169450","https://openalex.org/W2010309395","https://openalex.org/W2046188789","https://openalex.org/W2098188576","https://openalex.org/W2105033536","https://openalex.org/W2110100895","https://openalex.org/W2114202040","https://openalex.org/W2115758294","https://openalex.org/W2117905067","https://openalex.org/W2121531691","https://openalex.org/W2140655807","https://openalex.org/W2142465565","https://openalex.org/W2145915124","https://openalex.org/W2150041461","https://openalex.org/W2156267951","https://openalex.org/W2295244470","https://openalex.org/W2951263962","https://openalex.org/W3149063592","https://openalex.org/W4245558686","https://openalex.org/W4255308044","https://openalex.org/W4293507953","https://openalex.org/W6638365568","https://openalex.org/W6681066475"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2163330118","https://openalex.org/W3166409534","https://openalex.org/W4229773585","https://openalex.org/W2334791747","https://openalex.org/W2039522107","https://openalex.org/W2064249542","https://openalex.org/W2203430387","https://openalex.org/W2059315971","https://openalex.org/W4319302988","https://openalex.org/W2022678086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,63,131,182],"consider":[1],"the":[2,10,19,31,38,41,55,59,112,121,128,136,146,152,159,166,172,185,188,233],"binary":[3,108,220],"consensus":[4,117,202,226],"problem":[5],"where":[6,89],"each":[7,22,79,90],"node":[8,23,44,72,91,96],"in":[9,177,209,232,246],"network":[11],"initially":[12,35,126],"observes":[13],"one":[14,29,142],"of":[15,30,40,114,123,150,161,168,198,224,235],"two":[16,32],"states":[17,33],"and":[18,48,74,83,110,138,148,171,192,214,243,255,265],"goal":[20],"for":[21,105,179,211],"is":[24,101,118,175,190,194,203,215],"to":[25,87,120,201,206],"eventually":[26],"decide":[27],"which":[28],"was":[34],"held":[36,127],"by":[37,58,140],"majority":[39],"nodes.":[42],"Each":[43],"contacts":[45],"other":[46,95],"nodes":[47,124,169],"updates":[49],"its":[50],"current":[51],"state":[52,56,77,143,189],"based":[53],"on":[54],"communicated":[57],"last":[60],"contacted":[61],"node.":[62],"assume":[64],"that":[65,104,125,133,158,228,253],"both":[66,135],"signaling":[67,109,137,193,264],"(the":[68],"information":[69],"exchanged":[70],"at":[71,78],"contacts)":[73],"memory":[75,139],"(computation":[76],"node)":[80],"are":[81],"limited":[82,263],"restrict":[84],"our":[85,250],"attention":[86],"systems":[88,106],"can":[92,258],"contact":[93],"any":[94],"(i.e.,":[97],"complete":[98],"graphs).":[99],"It":[100],"well":[102],"known":[103],"with":[107,165,261],"memory,":[111],"probability":[113,160],"reaching":[115,151],"incorrect":[116],"equal":[119],"fraction":[122],"minority":[129],"state.":[130],"show":[132,157],"extending":[134],"just":[141],"dramatically":[144],"improves":[145],"reliability":[147],"speed":[149],"correct":[153],"consensus.":[154],"Specifically,":[155],"we":[156,229],"error":[162],"decays":[163],"exponentially":[164],"number":[167],"N":[170,178,210],"convergence":[173,197],"time":[174],"logarithmic":[176,208],"large":[180,212],"N.":[181],"also":[183],"examine":[184],"case":[186],"when":[187],"ternary":[191],"binary.":[195],"The":[196,222],"this":[199],"system":[200],"again":[204],"shown":[205],"be":[207,259],"N,":[213],"therefore":[216],"faster":[217],"than":[218],"purely":[219],"systems.":[221],"type":[223],"distributed":[225],"problems":[227],"study":[230],"arises":[231],"context":[234],"decentralized":[236],"peer-":[237],"to-peer":[238],"networks,":[239],"e.g.":[240],"sensor":[241],"networks":[242,248],"opinion":[244],"formation":[245],"social":[247],"-":[249],"results":[251],"suggest":[252],"robust":[254],"efficient":[256],"protocols":[257],"built":[260],"rather":[262],"memory.":[266]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}