{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4232395071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2003.1208654","title":"Protection mechanisms for optical WDM networks based on wavelength converter multiplexing and backup path relocation techniques","display_name":"Protection mechanisms for optical WDM networks based on wavelength converter multiplexing and backup path relocation techniques","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4232395071","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2003.1208654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/infcom.2003.1208654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2003.1208654","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108279029","display_name":"Sunil Gowda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210106647","display_name":"Expedia Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01sh85g09","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210106647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Gowda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Expedia. com, Seattle, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Expedia. com, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210106647"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087560555","display_name":"Krishna M. Sivalingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8425-3432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K.M. Sivalingam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CSEE, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CSEE, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"12","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10847","display_name":"Advanced Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup","display_name":"Backup","score":0.8062358498573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.7414687871932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7073056101799011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blocking","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","score":0.5911851525306702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","score":0.5197517275810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4827134311199188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4798699915409088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unavailability","display_name":"Unavailability","score":0.45617979764938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.42375677824020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.4198068380355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3909880518913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23757454752922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.23121070861816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1857711672782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.1801116168498993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12554502487182617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.8062358498573303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.7414687871932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7073056101799011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144745244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927286","display_name":"Blocking (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5911851525306702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.5197517275810242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4827134311199188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4798699915409088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.45617979764938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.42375677824020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.4198068380355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3909880518913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23757454752922058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.23121070861816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1857711672782898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.1801116168498993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12554502487182617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/infcom.2003.1208654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/infcom.2003.1208654","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37428)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.13.3353","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.3353","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ieee-infocom.org/2003/papers/01_02.PDF","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.9.6927","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.9.6927","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://dawn.cs.umbc.edu/Papers/2003/Infocom2003.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7099999785423279}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307791","display_name":"Cisco Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309913","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132244862","https://openalex.org/W1583566765","https://openalex.org/W1964409484","https://openalex.org/W1976107365","https://openalex.org/W1994833785","https://openalex.org/W2015493581","https://openalex.org/W2022827212","https://openalex.org/W2055911192","https://openalex.org/W2060932098","https://openalex.org/W2101180790","https://openalex.org/W2109085267","https://openalex.org/W2109088884","https://openalex.org/W2112501265","https://openalex.org/W2118889957","https://openalex.org/W2127094430","https://openalex.org/W2128097223","https://openalex.org/W2128366757","https://openalex.org/W2130244809","https://openalex.org/W2130625128","https://openalex.org/W2151368966","https://openalex.org/W2151652350","https://openalex.org/W2153582369","https://openalex.org/W2159948759","https://openalex.org/W2169155270","https://openalex.org/W2172092264","https://openalex.org/W2172226445","https://openalex.org/W4249881688","https://openalex.org/W6649060123","https://openalex.org/W6677952473","https://openalex.org/W6678758128","https://openalex.org/W6683616586"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237235066","https://openalex.org/W207884067","https://openalex.org/W3127016596","https://openalex.org/W2026539069","https://openalex.org/W2365973415","https://openalex.org/W4289655022","https://openalex.org/W4380303688","https://openalex.org/W3035290752","https://openalex.org/W4312352820","https://openalex.org/W2128970135"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,25,163,220],"paper":[1,26],"studies":[2],"the":[3,29,108,115,166,178,255],"problem":[4],"of":[5,31,107,117,168,180,260],"designing":[6],"survivable":[7,65],"optical":[8,32,55],"wavelength":[9,33,46,139,157,173,181],"division":[10],"multiplexed":[11],"(WDM)":[12],"networks.":[13],"A":[14],"wavelength-routed":[15],"wide":[16],"area":[17],"backbone":[18],"network":[19,43,100,225],"supporting":[20],"circuit-switched":[21],"traffic":[22],"is":[23,48,70,81,112,153,221,252,272],"considered.":[24],"also":[27,212,273],"considers":[28],"use":[30],"conversion":[34,47,56,129],"technology":[35,52],"which":[36],"has":[37],"been":[38],"shown":[39],"to":[40,97,103,113,155,172,206,213,223,266,275,281],"help":[41],"improve":[42,98,224],"performance.":[44],"However,":[45],"still":[49],"an":[50],"expensive":[51],"and":[53,90,176,211,227],"using":[54,72,238],"could":[57],"potentially":[58],"result":[59],"in":[60,236,249],"signal":[61],"quality":[62],"degradation.":[63],"In":[64,83],"networks,":[66],"protection":[67],"against":[68],"failures":[69],"provided":[71],"backup":[73,91,161,195,202],"paths":[74,137,210],"that":[75,95,134,152,199,246],"are":[76,234],"determined":[77],"when":[78],"a":[79,125,148,194,239,268],"session":[80],"established.":[82],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,123,146,192],"present":[87,124,147],"three":[88],"primary":[89,131,136,209,215],"route":[92],"computation":[93],"mechanisms":[94],"attempt":[96],"overall":[99],"performance":[101],"compared":[102,280],"existing":[104,201,282],"solutions.":[105],"One":[106],"key":[109],"design":[110],"goals":[111],"reduce":[114,228],"number":[116,167,179,259],"required":[118,183,262],"converters":[119,158,182,261],"per":[120],"node.":[121],"First,":[122],"routing":[126,132],"algorithm,":[127],"termed":[128],"free":[130],"(CFPR)":[133],"computes":[135],"without":[138],"conversion,":[140],"as":[141,143],"far":[142],"possible.":[144],"Next,":[145],"converter":[149,174],"multiplexing":[150],"technique":[151],"used":[154],"share":[156],"among":[159],"multiple":[160],"paths.":[162],"significantly":[164],"reduces":[165,177],"connections":[169],"blocked":[170],"due":[171],"unavailability":[175],"at":[184,263],"each":[185,264],"node,":[186],"thus":[187],"reducing":[188],"system":[189],"cost.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"propose":[193],"path":[196,288],"relocation":[197],"scheme":[198],"migrates":[200],"paths,":[203],"whenever":[204],"needed,":[205],"accommodate":[207],"more":[208],"obtain":[214],"routes":[216],"with":[217,254],"fewer":[218],"hops.":[219],"done":[222],"utilization":[226],"blocking":[229,250,270],"probability.":[230],"The":[231,243,258],"proposed":[232,256],"techniques":[233],"analyzed":[235],"detail":[237],"discrete-event":[240],"simulation":[241],"model.":[242],"results":[244],"show":[245],"significant":[247],"reduction":[248],"probability":[251,271],"possible":[253],"mechanisms.":[257],"node":[265],"achieve":[267],"given":[269],"seen":[274],"be":[276],"four":[277],"times":[278],"lower,":[279],"architectures":[283],"based":[284],"on":[285],"static":[286],"shortest":[287],"routing.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
