{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118305221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/indin64977.2025.11278932","title":"GNSS Spoofing Mitigation for Resilient Train Positioning using Sparse Factor Graph Optimization","display_name":"GNSS Spoofing Mitigation for Resilient Train Positioning using Sparse Factor Graph Optimization","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118305221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/indin64977.2025.11278932"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/indin64977.2025.11278932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/indin64977.2025.11278932","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420059","display_name":"Siqi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2158-8013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si-Qi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107910334","display_name":"Jiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5687-360X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011770961","display_name":"Baigen Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4671-4100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai-Gen Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122051082","display_name":"De-Biao Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"De-Biao Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122256016","display_name":"Wei Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122220292","display_name":"Xiao-Hui Ba","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao-Hui Ba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Jiaotong University,School of Automation and Intelligence,Beijing,China,100044","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.44350001215934753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.44350001215934753,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.16599999368190765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.1054999977350235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9556000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8461999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ip-address-spoofing","display_name":"IP address spoofing","score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.3278000056743622}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9556000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8461999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6427000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5835999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.5325000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4986000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111814575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550893","display_name":"IP address spoofing","level":5,"score":0.3709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166212672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165162","display_name":"GNSS augmentation","level":4,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146481406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105131","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159246509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428725","display_name":"Factor graph","level":3,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778075934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning technology","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2847999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.25189998745918274}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/indin64977.2025.11278932","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/indin64977.2025.11278932","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2346214124","https://openalex.org/W2608238159","https://openalex.org/W2772833264","https://openalex.org/W2782070529","https://openalex.org/W2844111606","https://openalex.org/W2890368616","https://openalex.org/W2943072877","https://openalex.org/W3021027848","https://openalex.org/W3164521861","https://openalex.org/W4297549402","https://openalex.org/W4306940200","https://openalex.org/W4321062753","https://openalex.org/W4380049866","https://openalex.org/W4381856463","https://openalex.org/W4382119205","https://openalex.org/W4387407717","https://openalex.org/W4392739486","https://openalex.org/W4403237363"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,53],"intelligent":[1],"railway":[2],"systems,":[3,173],"spoofing":[4,33,39,64,110,127,146,189],"attacks":[5],"pose":[6],"significant":[7],"cybersecurity":[8],"threats":[9],"to":[10,80,94,180],"train":[11,51,105,186],"positioning":[12,130,136,187],"based":[13,42],"on":[14,43,128],"Global":[15],"Navigation":[16],"Satellite":[17],"System":[18],"(GNSS).":[19],"To":[20],"enhance":[21],"the":[22,58,68,73,78,84,97,101,118,123,129,153,160,169,182],"resilience":[23,183],"of":[24,57,77,103,126,184],"GNSS":[25,161],"Positioning,":[26],"Navigation,":[27],"and":[28,177],"Timing":[29],"(PNT)":[30],"services":[31],"against":[32,188],"attacks,":[34,65],"this":[35,149],"paper":[36],"proposes":[37],"a":[38,134,165,175],"mitigation":[40],"solution":[41,120,150,179],"Sparse":[44],"Factor":[45],"Graph":[46],"Optimization":[47],"(SFGO)":[48],"for":[49,96],"GNSS-based":[50,171,185],"positioning.":[52],"scenarios":[54,142],"where":[55],"some":[56],"visible":[59],"satellites":[60],"are":[61,92],"compromised":[62],"by":[63,72,144],"SFGO":[66],"introduces":[67],"measurement":[69,90],"biases":[70,91],"caused":[71],"attack":[74,111],"as":[75],"one":[76],"states":[79],"be":[81],"estimated":[82,89],"within":[83],"global":[85],"optimization":[86],"framework.":[87],"The":[88],"used":[93],"compensate":[95],"spoofed":[98],"measurements,":[99],"enabling":[100],"restoration":[102],"accurate":[104],"state":[106],"estimation.":[107],"Results":[108],"from":[109],"injection":[112],"tests":[113],"provide":[114],"compelling":[115],"evidence":[116],"that":[117],"proposed":[119],"effectively":[121],"mitigates":[122],"adverse":[124],"impacts":[125],"solution.":[131],"It":[132,163],"maintains":[133],"high":[135],"performance":[137],"level":[138,157],"even":[139],"under":[140],"challenging":[141],"characterized":[143],"strong":[145],"conditions.":[147],"Furthermore,":[148],"operates":[151],"at":[152],"position":[154],"information":[155],"processing":[156],"without":[158],"modifying":[159],"receiver.":[162],"facilitates":[164],"seamless":[166],"integration":[167],"with":[168],"existing":[170],"train-borne":[172],"offering":[174],"practical":[176],"efficient":[178],"ensure":[181],"attacks.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-08T00:00:00"}
