{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4214928571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom53663.2022.9721728","title":"Steel Defect Classification Using Machine Learning","display_name":"Steel Defect Classification Using Machine Learning","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4214928571","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom53663.2022.9721728"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/imcom53663.2022.9721728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom53663.2022.9721728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608555","display_name":"2022 16th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 16th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066364250","display_name":"Syeda Rabia Arshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7431-4561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syeda Rabia Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology NUST,SEECS,Department of Computing,Islamabad,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology NUST,SEECS,Department of Computing,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016074234","display_name":"Ishwa Obaid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ishwa Obaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology NUST,SEECS,Department of Computing,Islamabad,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology NUST,SEECS,Department of Computing,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020119426","display_name":"Rameesha Gull","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rameesha Gull","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology NUST,SEECS,Department of Computing,Islamabad,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology NUST,SEECS,Department of Computing,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035787368","display_name":"Muhammad Shahzad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-9118"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Khuram Shahzad","raw_affiliation_strings":["National University of Sciences and Technology NUST,SEECS,Department of Computing,Islamabad,Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Sciences and Technology NUST,SEECS,Department of Computing,Islamabad,Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066364250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7874,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93828351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12169","display_name":"Non-Destructive Testing Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.755699872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.7546488046646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.737088680267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5784832835197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.561224639415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.5582463145256042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5059201121330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.48706820607185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47006067633628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.440391480922699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19273528456687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07251107692718506}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.755699872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.7546488046646118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.737088680267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5784832835197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.561224639415741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.5582463145256042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5059201121330261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.48706820607185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47006067633628845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.440391480922699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19273528456687927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07251107692718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/imcom53663.2022.9721728","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom53663.2022.9721728","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608555","display_name":"2022 16th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 16th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1914562277","https://openalex.org/W2063083376","https://openalex.org/W2092072518","https://openalex.org/W2096065637","https://openalex.org/W2417429787","https://openalex.org/W2514440090","https://openalex.org/W2600553928","https://openalex.org/W2798371872","https://openalex.org/W2801278832","https://openalex.org/W2897689496","https://openalex.org/W2944303778","https://openalex.org/W2953868242","https://openalex.org/W2963698633","https://openalex.org/W2971857437","https://openalex.org/W2997299776","https://openalex.org/W3037824503","https://openalex.org/W3041162555","https://openalex.org/W3093581797","https://openalex.org/W3099928781","https://openalex.org/W6767649449","https://openalex.org/W6784716414"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206357785","https://openalex.org/W4281381188","https://openalex.org/W3192840557","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W4375928479","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3023427754","https://openalex.org/W3131673289","https://openalex.org/W4393011546","https://openalex.org/W3198847674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"the":[1,7,22,50,56,95,99,108,152,165,197],"quality":[2,143],"of":[3,27,52,70,87,101,154,168,187,201],"industrial":[4],"production":[5],"for":[6,49,98,137,151,195],"steel":[8,53,64],"industry":[9],"is":[10,18,81,118],"very":[11],"crucial.":[12],"For":[13],"complete":[14],"defect":[15,66],"detection,":[16,146],"it":[17,32,117],"important":[19],"to":[20,30,35,120,140],"know":[21],"exact":[23],"location":[24,44],"and":[25,39,45,68,75,85,92,113,132,147,199],"class":[26],"defect,":[28],"due":[29],"which":[31],"becomes":[33],"difficult":[34],"apply":[36],"this":[37,138],"method":[38],"attain":[40],"accuracy":[41,186],"in":[42,110,142,164],"both":[43,196],"classification.":[46,148],"Methods":[47],"used":[48,97,127,150],"detection":[51,58,69,100,200],"defects":[54,71,102,155,169],"include":[55],"YOLO":[57],"network,":[59],"acoustic":[60],"emission":[61],"method,":[62],"end-to-end":[63],"surface":[65],"classification,":[67],"by":[72,171],"magneto-optical":[73],"imaging":[74],"neural":[76],"networks.":[77],"But":[78],"as":[79],"data":[80],"too":[82],"large,":[83],"deployment":[84],"training":[86],"these":[88],"systems":[89],"become":[90],"expensive":[91],"time-consuming,":[93],"therefore":[94],"algorithms":[96,130],"should":[103],"have":[104],"good":[105],"generalization.":[106],"With":[107],"growth":[109],"computer":[111],"vision":[112],"deep":[114],"learning":[115,129,134,173],"automation":[116],"possible":[119],"classify":[121],"images":[122],"with":[123,160],"maximum":[124],"accuracy.":[125,166],"We":[126],"machine":[128],"KNN":[131,149],"transfer":[133,172],"using":[135,182],"VGG-16":[136,175,183],"task":[139],"help":[141],"improvement,":[144],"quick":[145],"classification":[153,198],"provided":[156,176],"fairly":[157],"improved":[158],"results":[159],"a":[161],"significant":[162],"gain":[163],"Detection":[167],"done":[170],"via":[174],"promising":[177],"results.":[178],"The":[179],"model":[180],"trained":[181],"achieved":[184],"high":[185],"97.54%.":[188],"These":[189],"techniques":[190],"provide":[191],"an":[192],"optimal":[193],"solution":[194],"defects.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-25T21:42:39.735039","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
