{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136755591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom51814.2021.9377424","title":"BCGAN: Facial Expression Synthesis by Bottleneck-Layered Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks","display_name":"BCGAN: Facial Expression Synthesis by Bottleneck-Layered Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136755591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom51814.2021.9377424","mag":"3136755591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/imcom51814.2021.9377424","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom51814.2021.9377424","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020036836","display_name":"Yeji Shin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yeji Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002879117","display_name":"Junghyun Bum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9926-2910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junghyun Bum","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085235647","display_name":"Chang\u2010Hwan Son","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7077-3074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120158604","display_name":"Kunsan National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02yj55q56","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang-Hwan Son","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software Convergence Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software Convergence Engineering, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120158604"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054933494","display_name":"Hyunseung Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6485-3155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyunseung Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020036836"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02646687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenation","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","score":0.8296570777893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7981257438659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7748705148696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7710229158401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.597133994102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5706458687782288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.5699606537818909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.4880613088607788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.48313209414482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.474120169878006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46743905544281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4529383182525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.4122902750968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3758111596107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3518657088279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.06914335489273071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87619178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126002","display_name":"Concatenation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.8296570777893066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7981257438659668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7748705148696899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7710229158401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.597133994102478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5706458687782288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5699606537818909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.4880613088607788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48313209414482117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.474120169878006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46743905544281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4529383182525635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.4122902750968933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3758111596107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3518657088279724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.06914335489273071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/imcom51814.2021.9377424","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/imcom51814.2021.9377424","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2150283722","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2536132686","https://openalex.org/W2552611751","https://openalex.org/W2754447548","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963115481","https://openalex.org/W2963120057","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963767194","https://openalex.org/W4320013936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1657880117","https://openalex.org/W2595172197","https://openalex.org/W2373577936","https://openalex.org/W4221148444","https://openalex.org/W2127970246","https://openalex.org/W2084856301","https://openalex.org/W1001352512","https://openalex.org/W4382618745","https://openalex.org/W2885125400","https://openalex.org/W4206297952"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1,66],"synthesis":[2],"is":[3,17,21,96],"widely":[4],"applied":[5],"to":[6,23,80,98,146],"emotion":[7],"prediction":[8],"and":[9,26,39,63,113],"face":[10],"recognition":[11],"for":[12,43,60],"human-computer":[13],"interaction.":[14],"This":[15],"task":[16],"challenging":[18],"because":[19],"it":[20],"difficult":[22],"reconstruct":[24],"realistic":[25,45,62],"accurate":[27,64],"facial":[28,46,65,105],"expressions.":[29,47],"Early":[30],"deep":[31],"learning":[32],"methods":[33],"focus":[34],"only":[35],"on":[36,135],"pixel-level":[37],"manipulation":[38],"are":[40],"not":[41],"suitable":[42],"generating":[44],"In":[48,86],"this":[49],"paper,":[50],"we":[51],"propose":[52],"a":[53,70,88],"bottleneck-layered":[54],"conditional":[55],"generative":[56],"adversarial":[57],"networks":[58],"(BCGAN)":[59],"more":[61],"synthesis.":[67],"BCGAN":[68,128],"adopts":[69],"bottleneck":[71,94],"layer":[72],"that":[73,91,127],"uses":[74],"channel-wise":[75],"concatenation":[76],"in":[77],"the":[78,104,108,119,136],"generator":[79],"train":[81],"with":[82],"meaningful":[83],"features":[84],"only.":[85],"addition,":[87],"dense":[89],"connection":[90],"links":[92],"all":[93],"layers":[95],"added":[97],"generate":[99],"an":[100],"image":[101],"which":[102],"preserves":[103],"details":[106],"of":[107],"original":[109],"image.":[110],"Both":[111],"quantitative":[112],"qualitative":[114],"evaluations":[115],"were":[116],"performed":[117],"using":[118],"Radboud":[120],"Faces":[121],"Database":[122],"(RaFD).":[123],"Experimental":[124],"results":[125],"showed":[126],"had":[129],"2%":[130],"higher":[131],"classification":[132],"accuracy":[133],"(98.7%)":[134],"generated":[137],"images":[138],"as":[139,141],"well":[140],"faster":[142],"training":[143],"speed":[144],"compared":[145],"state-of-the-art":[147],"approach.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T16:22:10.518609","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
