{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416251465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11229145","title":"T <sup>2</sup> CT: Transformer-CTC Adaptive Framework for Continuous Sign Language Recognition","display_name":"T <sup>2</sup> CT: Transformer-CTC Adaptive Framework for Continuous Sign Language Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416251465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11229145"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11229145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11229145","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120354533","display_name":"Murtadha Al-Jubran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Murtadha Aljubran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed bin Zayed University of AI,Computer Vision Department,Abu Dhabi,UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of AI,Computer Vision Department,Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480","https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000709367","display_name":"Muhammad Haris Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0275-1524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113480","display_name":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/0258gkt32","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91044093","display_name":"Zayed University","ror":"https://ror.org/03snqfa66","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Haris Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mohamed bin Zayed University of AI,Computer Vision Department,Abu Dhabi,UAE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mohamed bin Zayed University of AI,Computer Vision Department,Abu Dhabi,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480","https://openalex.org/I91044093"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120354533"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113480","https://openalex.org/I91044093"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37851018,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11285","display_name":"Hearing Impairment and Communication","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/connectionism","display_name":"Connectionism","score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.31630000472068787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7612000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5149000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.44830000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.41190001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8521452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203790","display_name":"Connectionism","level":3,"score":0.41119998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522192633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228","display_name":"Sign language","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117978034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422192","display_name":"Extractor","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11229145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11229145","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122399640","https://openalex.org/W2125122501","https://openalex.org/W2466991859","https://openalex.org/W2550143307","https://openalex.org/W2583570251","https://openalex.org/W2766219058","https://openalex.org/W2799020610","https://openalex.org/W2883429621","https://openalex.org/W2908497602","https://openalex.org/W2941870244","https://openalex.org/W2964081342","https://openalex.org/W2968994599","https://openalex.org/W2990503944","https://openalex.org/W2997931247","https://openalex.org/W3024060113","https://openalex.org/W3034765865","https://openalex.org/W3092042812","https://openalex.org/W3147467731","https://openalex.org/W3173290664","https://openalex.org/W3198876595","https://openalex.org/W3203359574","https://openalex.org/W4200245791","https://openalex.org/W4214520160","https://openalex.org/W4304944821","https://openalex.org/W4312396348","https://openalex.org/W4312439137","https://openalex.org/W4312910375","https://openalex.org/W4366377773","https://openalex.org/W4367047590","https://openalex.org/W4386065518","https://openalex.org/W4386071548","https://openalex.org/W4386075496","https://openalex.org/W4386076650","https://openalex.org/W4390873551","https://openalex.org/W4392904699","https://openalex.org/W4402980535","https://openalex.org/W4405139611"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continuous":[0],"Sign":[1],"Language":[2],"Recognition":[3],"(CSLR)":[4],"is":[5],"a":[6,64,72,79,177,181,190],"challenging":[7],"task":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,45,100,126,145,160],"the":[11,19,90,96,140,155,166],"intricate":[12],"linguistic":[13,40],"structures":[14],"of":[15,21,187,193],"sign":[16],"language":[17,37],"and":[18,49,78,123,131,189],"scarcity":[20],"annotated":[22],"datasets.":[23],"Existing":[24],"methods":[25],"often":[26],"rely":[27],"on":[28,165],"CTC-based":[29],"frameworks":[30],"that":[31,139],"assume":[32],"gloss":[33],"independence":[34],"or":[35],"pretrained":[36],"models":[38],"for":[39,68,198],"modeling,":[41],"limiting":[42],"their":[43],"ability":[44,159],"capture":[46],"long-range":[47],"dependencies":[48],"requiring":[50],"more":[51],"complex":[52],"training":[53],"pipelines.":[54],"To":[55],"address":[56],"these":[57],"challenges,":[58],"we":[59,110],"propose":[60],"T<sup":[61,170],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[62,171],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>CT,":[63],"Transformer-CTC":[65],"Adaptive":[66],"Framework":[67],"CSLR,":[69],"which":[70],"integrates":[71],"Connectionist":[73],"Temporal":[74],"Classification":[75],"(CTC)":[76],"decoder":[77,81,142],"Transformer":[80,97,141],"through":[82],"an":[83,105],"adaptive":[84],"selection":[85],"mechanism.":[86],"This":[87],"framework":[88],"combines":[89],"CTC":[91],"decoder's":[92,98],"temporal":[93],"alignment":[94],"with":[95,180],"capacity":[99],"model":[101,161],"global":[102,162],"dependencies,":[103],"offering":[104],"end-to-end":[106],"trainable":[107],"solution.":[108],"Additionally,":[109],"leverage":[111],"depth":[112],"maps\u2014a":[113],"modality":[114],"not":[115],"previously":[116],"utilized":[117],"in":[118,128,154,176],"CSLR\u2014to":[119],"enrich":[120],"spatial":[121],"representation":[122],"improve":[124],"robustness":[125],"variations":[127],"signing":[129],"styles":[130],"sequences.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"analyses,":[134],"including":[135],"cross-attention":[136],"maps,":[137],"reveal":[138],"effectively":[143],"attends":[144],"semantically":[146],"important":[147],"glosses":[148],"even":[149],"when":[150],"they":[151],"appear":[152],"further":[153],"sequence,":[156],"highlighting":[157],"its":[158,196],"dependencies.":[163],"Evaluated":[164],"RWTH-PHOENIX-Weather":[167],"2014T":[168],"dataset,":[169],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>CT":[172],"achieves":[173],"state-of-the-art":[174],"results":[175],"unimodal":[178],"setting,":[179],"Dev":[182],"word":[183],"error":[184],"rate":[185],"(WER)":[186],"17.0%":[188],"Test":[191],"WER":[192],"18.9%,":[194],"underscoring":[195],"effectiveness":[197],"advancing":[199],"CSLR.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}