{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416213871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228935","title":"Contextual Pooling for Multiple-Instance Learning-based Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring","display_name":"Contextual Pooling for Multiple-Instance Learning-based Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416213871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228935"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057761672","display_name":"Giulia Tanoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1839-7686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giulia Tanoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica Delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica Delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004777557","display_name":"Emanuele Principi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-7277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emanuele Principi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica Delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica Delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092559184","display_name":"Paolo Vitulli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4633-5290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Vitulli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica Delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica Delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047348186","display_name":"Luigi Mandolini","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122948","display_name":"Museo De Arte Contemporaneo","ror":"https://ror.org/022ka4k09","country_code":"PA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122948"]}],"countries":["PA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luigi Mandolini","raw_affiliation_strings":["MAC Srl"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"MAC Srl","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034253968","display_name":"Stefano Squartini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-0128"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefano Squartini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica Delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica Delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057761672"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34350042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.8787000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6772000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregate","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-hypothesis-testing","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.3402999937534332}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.8787000179290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6931999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6772000193595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5151000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.5103999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5034000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.36970001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3375000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96608239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199823","display_name":"Statistical power","level":2,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778058735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692253","display_name":"Aggregate data","level":2,"score":0.3176000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3018999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21080849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13611879","display_name":"Data point","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777908891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806775","display_name":"Load profile","level":3,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.2712000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228935","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228935","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/354553","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11566/354553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1783315696","https://openalex.org/W1979432941","https://openalex.org/W1996944908","https://openalex.org/W2010792435","https://openalex.org/W2027266161","https://openalex.org/W2065039954","https://openalex.org/W2124859243","https://openalex.org/W2125479168","https://openalex.org/W2167277498","https://openalex.org/W2559280146","https://openalex.org/W2560886373","https://openalex.org/W2591013610","https://openalex.org/W2735269454","https://openalex.org/W2739378462","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2789937392","https://openalex.org/W2799258971","https://openalex.org/W2899153298","https://openalex.org/W2935844163","https://openalex.org/W2963610932","https://openalex.org/W2970200869","https://openalex.org/W2971067036","https://openalex.org/W2990083057","https://openalex.org/W3008626953","https://openalex.org/W3009404729","https://openalex.org/W3034207266","https://openalex.org/W3048133996","https://openalex.org/W3165390575","https://openalex.org/W3167124109","https://openalex.org/W3171171998","https://openalex.org/W3173720493","https://openalex.org/W3200870442","https://openalex.org/W3213916533","https://openalex.org/W4285821179","https://openalex.org/W4289868159","https://openalex.org/W4304080535","https://openalex.org/W4312583651","https://openalex.org/W4313567521","https://openalex.org/W4318464896","https://openalex.org/W4318813552","https://openalex.org/W4321016527","https://openalex.org/W4388520103","https://openalex.org/W4388732752","https://openalex.org/W4389400597"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"detailed":[1],"energy":[2,17],"consumption":[3],"patterns":[4],"is":[5],"crucial":[6],"for":[7,72],"optimizing":[8],"resource":[9],"allocation":[10],"in":[11,49,61,75,128],"microgrids,":[12],"which":[13],"often":[14],"incorporate":[15],"renewable":[16],"sources":[18],"and":[19,121,181,202],"stationary":[20],"batteries.":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23,25,62,144],"context,":[24],"paper":[26,142],"addresses":[27],"the":[28,44,56,59,78,96,115,118,129,135,164,179,216],"Non-intrusive":[29],"Load":[30],"Monitoring":[31],"problem":[32],"of":[33,58,70,98,117,137,166,219],"appliance-state":[34],"classification,":[35],"providing":[36],"insights":[37],"into":[38],"appliance-specific":[39],"usage":[40],"by":[41,146,194,203],"using":[42],"only":[43],"aggregate":[45],"active":[46],"power":[47,139],"consumed":[48],"a":[50,67,148],"building.":[51],"Deep":[52],"Neural":[53],"Networks":[54],"represent":[55],"state":[57],"art":[60],"field,":[63],"but":[64],"they":[65,93],"require":[66],"significant":[68],"amount":[69],"data":[71],"training.":[73],"Consequently,":[74],"recent":[76],"years,":[77],"research":[79],"community":[80],"has":[81,171],"explored":[82],"weakly":[83,87],"supervised":[84,88],"approaches.":[85],"Although":[86],"methods":[89,177],"have":[90,125,132],"proven":[91],"effective,":[92],"rely":[94],"on":[95,156,178,188,200,207],"use":[97],"pooling":[99,150],"functions":[100,109],"to":[101,114,161,210],"calculate":[102],"bag-level":[103],"predictions":[104,160],"from":[105],"instance-level":[106,159],"ones.":[107],"These":[108],"should":[110],"be":[111],"intrinsically":[112],"related":[113],"dynamics":[116,165],"input":[119],"signal,":[120],"while":[122],"several":[123],"alternatives":[124],"been":[126,172],"proposed":[127],"literature,":[130],"none":[131],"specifically":[133],"addressed":[134],"characteristics":[136],"appliance":[138,167],"profiles.":[140],"This":[141,169],"fills":[143],"gap":[145],"introducing":[147],"new":[149],"function,":[151],"Contextual":[152,190],"Pooling,":[153],"that":[154],"operates":[155],"multiple":[157],"adjacent":[158],"better":[162],"capture":[163],"activations.":[168],"approach":[170],"evaluated":[173],"against":[174],"six":[175],"different":[176],"UK-DALE":[180,201],"REFIT":[182,208],"datasets.":[183],"The":[184],"results":[185],"indicate":[186],"that,":[187],"average,":[189],"Pooling":[191],"improves":[192],"performance":[193],"at":[195],"least":[196],"0.9":[197],"percentage":[198,205],"points":[199,206],"0.7":[204],"compared":[209],"benchmark":[211],"methods.":[212],"McNemar\u2019s":[213],"test":[214],"confirms":[215],"statistical":[217],"significance":[218],"these":[220],"improvements.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}
