{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7105704295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228374","title":"LegalRAG: A Hybrid RAG System for Multilingual Legal Information Retrieval","display_name":"LegalRAG: A Hybrid RAG System for Multilingual Legal Information Retrieval","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7105704295","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228374"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228374","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad Rafsan Kabir","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rafsan Kabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rafeed Mohammad Sultan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafeed Mohammad Sultan","raw_affiliation_strings":["North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fuad Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuad Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apurba Technologies,Sunnyvale,CA,USA,94085"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apurba Technologies,Sunnyvale,CA,USA,94085","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad Ruhul Amin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164389053","display_name":"Fordham University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qnxaf80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Ruhul Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fordham University,New York,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fordham University,New York,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164389053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sifat Momen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sifat Momen","raw_affiliation_strings":["North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nabeel Mohammed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabeel Mohammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shafin Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157386601","display_name":"North South University","ror":"https://ror.org/05wdbfp45","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shafin Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North South University,Apurba-NSU R&amp;D Lab,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Dhaka,Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157386601"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8513000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.8513000011444092,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.01679999940097332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.012500000186264515,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-retrieval","display_name":"Document retrieval","score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-models-of-information-retrieval","display_name":"Cognitive models of information retrieval","score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-information-retrieval","display_name":"Human\u2013computer information retrieval","score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-retrieval","display_name":"Data retrieval","score":0.3319000005722046}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7577999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47749999165534973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161156560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1638872","display_name":"Document retrieval","level":2,"score":0.47429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.42579999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42250001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21025794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141219","display_name":"Cognitive models of information retrieval","level":4,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3598000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90288658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3318149","display_name":"Human\u2013computer information retrieval","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551230270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4368942","display_name":"Data retrieval","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19235068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9610","display_name":"Bengali","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.3116999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2854999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228374","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn64981.2025.11228374","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.4235805869102478}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001642682","https://openalex.org/W2140485652","https://openalex.org/W2593088329","https://openalex.org/W2602026789","https://openalex.org/W2994927474","https://openalex.org/W3043519868","https://openalex.org/W3144293453","https://openalex.org/W3180395890","https://openalex.org/W4200087849","https://openalex.org/W4200468156","https://openalex.org/W4318586794","https://openalex.org/W4382318094","https://openalex.org/W4384388099","https://openalex.org/W4388129458","https://openalex.org/W4393147129","https://openalex.org/W4401219541","https://openalex.org/W4402670856","https://openalex.org/W4402683011","https://openalex.org/W4403420914"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Natural":[0],"Language":[1],"Processing":[2],"(NLP)":[3],"and":[4,20,48,64,108],"computational":[5],"linguistic":[6],"techniques":[7],"are":[8],"increasingly":[9],"being":[10],"applied":[11],"across":[12,129],"various":[13],"domains,":[14],"yet":[15],"their":[16],"use":[17],"in":[18],"legal":[19,96,99],"regulatory":[21,37],"tasks":[22],"remains":[23],"limited.":[24],"To":[25],"address":[26],"this":[27],"gap,":[28],"we":[29,73],"develop":[30],"an":[31,75],"efficient":[32,91],"bilingual":[33],"question-answering":[34],"framework":[35],"for":[36,93],"documents,":[38],"specifically":[39],"the":[40],"Bangladesh":[41,118],"Police":[42,119],"Gazettes,":[43,120],"which":[44],"contain":[45],"both":[46,105],"English":[47],"Bangla":[49],"text.":[50],"Our":[51],"approach":[52,78,124],"employs":[53],"modern":[54],"Retrieval":[55],"Augmented":[56],"Generation":[57],"(RAG)":[58],"pipelines":[59],"to":[60,69,84],"enhance":[61],"information":[62,100],"retrieval":[63,81],"response":[65],"generation.":[66],"In":[67],"addition":[68],"conventional":[70,109],"RAG":[71,110],"pipelines,":[72],"propose":[74],"advanced":[76],"RAG-based":[77],"that":[79,122],"improves":[80],"performance,":[82],"leading":[83],"more":[85,101],"precise":[86],"answers.":[87],"This":[88],"system":[89],"enables":[90],"searching":[92],"specific":[94],"government":[95],"notices,":[97],"making":[98],"accessible.":[102],"We":[103],"evaluate":[104],"our":[106,123],"proposed":[107],"systems":[111],"on":[112,117],"a":[113],"diverse":[114],"test":[115],"set":[116],"demonstrating":[121],"consistently":[125],"outperforms":[126],"existing":[127],"methods":[128],"all":[130],"evaluation":[131],"metrics.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-11-14T00:00:00"}
