{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402353860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651499","title":"MLTracer: An Approach Based on Multi-Layered Gradient Boosting Decision Trees for Requirements Traceability Recovery","display_name":"MLTracer: An Approach Based on Multi-Layered Gradient Boosting Decision Trees for Requirements Traceability Recovery","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402353860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101582959","display_name":"Xingfu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-7573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119942","display_name":"Wuhan Textile University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgsf398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingfu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024168142","display_name":"Bangchao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6920-1810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119942","display_name":"Wuhan Textile University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgsf398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bangchao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018911181","display_name":"Hongyan Wan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119942","display_name":"Wuhan Textile University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgsf398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004086053","display_name":"Yuanbang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-3121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210093674","display_name":"Zhoukou Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jjkh886","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanbang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhoukou Normal University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Henan,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhoukou Normal University,School of Computer Science and Technology,Henan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210093674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000524048","display_name":"Han Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2928-8496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119942","display_name":"Wuhan Textile University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgsf398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Han Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049366790","display_name":"Yang Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2795-6796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119942","display_name":"Wuhan Textile University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgsf398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035252092","display_name":"Zhiyuan Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-7368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119942","display_name":"Wuhan Textile University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgsf398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyuan Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Textile University,School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence,Wuhan,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119942"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22522031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.905064582824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.7294550538063049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6434909701347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.6291873455047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.5369965434074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-traceability","display_name":"Requirements traceability","score":0.4967408776283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3333398103713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-engineering","display_name":"Requirements engineering","score":0.21445581316947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.1789778769016266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.16722384095191956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirement","display_name":"Requirement","score":0.06166812777519226}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.905064582824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.7294550538063049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6434909701347351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.6291873455047607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.5369965434074402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35084680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848201","display_name":"Requirements traceability","level":5,"score":0.4967408776283264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3333398103713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6604083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376937","display_name":"Requirements engineering","level":3,"score":0.21445581316947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.1789778769016266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.16722384095191956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135475081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774228","display_name":"Requirement","level":4,"score":0.06166812777519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn60899.2024.10651499","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1955847278","https://openalex.org/W1965061793","https://openalex.org/W1970264769","https://openalex.org/W1972656609","https://openalex.org/W1975058921","https://openalex.org/W1975988951","https://openalex.org/W2026772096","https://openalex.org/W2045895677","https://openalex.org/W2087648085","https://openalex.org/W2107743791","https://openalex.org/W2129559874","https://openalex.org/W2131171036","https://openalex.org/W2151747011","https://openalex.org/W2159007507","https://openalex.org/W2159827217","https://openalex.org/W2289979444","https://openalex.org/W2540556128","https://openalex.org/W2541501760","https://openalex.org/W2619825482","https://openalex.org/W2620860873","https://openalex.org/W2741081919","https://openalex.org/W2759361930","https://openalex.org/W2767634764","https://openalex.org/W2793857627","https://openalex.org/W2885967628","https://openalex.org/W2891045772","https://openalex.org/W2901833024","https://openalex.org/W2963038309","https://openalex.org/W2970972824","https://openalex.org/W2993655765","https://openalex.org/W2998053008","https://openalex.org/W3000094227","https://openalex.org/W3038727996","https://openalex.org/W3086180509","https://openalex.org/W3112339193","https://openalex.org/W3157576672","https://openalex.org/W3177634586","https://openalex.org/W3184465331","https://openalex.org/W3185198889","https://openalex.org/W3210252880","https://openalex.org/W3216925668","https://openalex.org/W4206173744","https://openalex.org/W4252902639","https://openalex.org/W4285328525","https://openalex.org/W4294658788","https://openalex.org/W4328028469","https://openalex.org/W4385484879","https://openalex.org/W4386365921","https://openalex.org/W4388483536","https://openalex.org/W4388585779","https://openalex.org/W4391308002","https://openalex.org/W4402352439","https://openalex.org/W4402660115","https://openalex.org/W6608039344","https://openalex.org/W6858366472"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312646443","https://openalex.org/W2129559874","https://openalex.org/W1203831901","https://openalex.org/W1604969957","https://openalex.org/W4312234739","https://openalex.org/W2537685693","https://openalex.org/W2354227496","https://openalex.org/W4252654202","https://openalex.org/W1589012229","https://openalex.org/W2248828247"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"increasing":[3],"machine":[4],"learning":[5],"has":[6,134],"been":[7],"applied":[8],"to":[9,83,90],"Requirements":[10],"Traceability":[11],"Recovery":[12],"(RTR).":[13],"The":[14,107],"performance":[15,39,132],"of":[16,24,74,117],"these":[17],"approaches":[18,122],"is":[19,63,95],"not":[20],"satisfactory.":[21],"Besides,":[22],"most":[23],"them":[25],"perform":[26],"well":[27],"in":[28,40,87,137],"recovering":[29],"traceability":[30],"links":[31],"between":[32],"specific":[33],"artifacts":[34],"but":[35],"cannot":[36],"maintain":[37],"consistent":[38],"different":[41,88],"scenarios.":[42],"To":[43],"alleviate":[44],"this":[45],"problem,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"a":[49],"novel":[50],"approach":[51],"based":[52],"on":[53,97],"Multi-Layered":[54],"Gradient":[55],"Boosting":[56],"Decision":[57],"Trees":[58],"(mGBDT)":[59],"for":[60],"RTR":[61],"which":[62],"called":[64],"MLTracer.":[65],"MLTracer":[66,94,111,129],"stacks":[67],"several":[68],"GBDTs":[69],"and":[70,101,133],"learns":[71],"hierarchical":[72],"representations":[73],"artifact":[75],"link":[76],"features.":[77],"Through":[78],"layer-by-layer":[79],"training,":[80],"it":[81],"adapts":[82],"the":[84],"feature":[85],"distribution":[86],"scenarios":[89],"improve":[91],"generalization":[92],"ability.":[93],"evaluated":[96],"five":[98],"software":[99],"projects":[100],"compared":[102],"with":[103],"six":[104,120],"state-of-the-art":[105,131],"approaches.":[106],"results":[108],"indicate":[109],"that":[110,128],"achieves":[112,130],"an":[113],"average":[114],"F1":[115],"score":[116],"0.6153,":[118],"outperforming":[119],"baseline":[121],"across":[123],"all":[124],"datasets.":[125],"It":[126],"proves":[127],"strong":[135],"applicability":[136],"actual":[138],"industry.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
