{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312293024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892724","title":"Crafting Textual Adversarial Examples through Second-Order Enhanced Word Saliency","display_name":"Crafting Textual Adversarial Examples through Second-Order Enhanced Word Saliency","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312293024","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607707","display_name":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001574250","display_name":"Pengwei Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3724-4431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengwei Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079119503","display_name":"Yang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6069-3553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101898324","display_name":"Yunjian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0927-6363"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunjian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Security, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328729","display_name":"Liming Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5732-5258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liming Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100325391","display_name":"Chao Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7226-2355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100459985","display_name":"Jing Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5973-248X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14630268,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9796000123023987,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.96670001745224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8535353541374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.750466525554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7331558465957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6900047063827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6821140050888062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6055904030799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5263386964797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.37652263045310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3759939670562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3298637866973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.18119698762893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1496051549911499}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8535353541374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.750466525554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7331558465957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6900047063827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6821140050888062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6055904030799866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5263386964797974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.37652263045310974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3759939670562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3298637866973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18119698762893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1496051549911499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607707","display_name":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2163455955","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2243397390","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2408141691","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2540645427","https://openalex.org/W2562979205","https://openalex.org/W2799194071","https://openalex.org/W2880875857","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2905526464","https://openalex.org/W2947415936","https://openalex.org/W2949128310","https://openalex.org/W2962816513","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963126845","https://openalex.org/W2963709863","https://openalex.org/W2963857521","https://openalex.org/W2963859254","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W3101449015","https://openalex.org/W3104423855","https://openalex.org/W3169948074","https://openalex.org/W4294410794","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6714069269","https://openalex.org/W6730559633","https://openalex.org/W6734982453","https://openalex.org/W6752788575","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6783248943"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4362597605","https://openalex.org/W1574414179","https://openalex.org/W4297676672","https://openalex.org/W3009056573","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W4281702477","https://openalex.org/W2490526372","https://openalex.org/W4376166922","https://openalex.org/W4378510483","https://openalex.org/W4221142204"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Textual":[0],"adversarial":[1,127,142],"examples":[2,143],"crafted":[3,144],"with":[4],"well-designed":[5],"perturbation":[6],"can":[7,56,118],"mislead":[8],"state-of-the-art":[9],"natural":[10],"language":[11],"models.":[12],"Most":[13],"previous":[14,123],"works":[15],"on":[16,26],"word-level":[17],"black-box":[18,113],"attacks":[19],"propose":[20,73],"different":[21],"text":[22],"substituting":[23],"strategies":[24],"based":[25],"the":[27,38,46,61,86,91,100,120,141,161],"word":[28,50,75,114],"saliency":[29,51,76,115],"determined":[30,52],"by":[31,53,60,145],"Leave":[32],"One":[33],"Out":[34],"(LOO)":[35],"methods,":[36],"while":[37],"attack":[39,124],"effectiveness":[40,121],"is":[41,67],"actually":[42],"limited":[43],"due":[44],"to":[45,98,151,158],"model":[47,62,93,134],"pathology.":[48],"The":[49],"LOO":[54,103],"methods":[55,116],"be":[57],"severely":[58],"affected":[59],"pathology,":[63],"and":[64,117,136],"unconscious":[65],"bias":[66,101],"introduced.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"we":[72],"a":[74],"method":[77,110,131,147],"called":[78],"Second-Order":[79],"Enhanced":[80],"Word":[81],"Saliency":[82],"(SOEWS),":[83],"which":[84],"considers":[85],"overfitting":[87],"information":[88],"obtained":[89],"from":[90],"second-order":[92],"pathological":[94],"behavior":[95],"that":[96,108,140],"helps":[97],"reduce":[99],"of":[102,122,163],"methods.":[104],"Extensive":[105],"experiments":[106],"show":[107],"our":[109,130,146,164],"outperforms":[111],"current":[112],"boost":[119],"frameworks.":[125],"Performing":[126],"training":[128],"utilizing":[129],"best":[132],"improves":[133],"robustness,":[135],"human":[137],"evaluation":[138],"shows":[139],"are":[148],"almost":[149],"imperceptible":[150],"humans.":[152],"We":[153],"also":[154],"conduct":[155],"case":[156],"study":[157],"intuitively":[159],"demonstrate":[160],"superiority":[162],"method.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}