{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4312534720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9891978","title":"Explainable Retinopathy Diagnosis and Localisation by means of Class Activation Mapping","display_name":"Explainable Retinopathy Diagnosis and Localisation by means of Class Activation Mapping","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4312534720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9891978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9891978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9891978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607707","display_name":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022744865","display_name":"Marcello Di Giammarco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3314-7269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marcello Di Giammarco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Pisa,Italy","Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080298186","display_name":"Giacomo Iadarola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7060-6233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giacomo Iadarola","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Pisa,Italy","Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101546784","display_name":"Fabio Martinelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6721-9395"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Martinelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Pisa,Italy","Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023695406","display_name":"Francesco Mercaldo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9425-1657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129627893","display_name":"University of Molise","ror":"https://ror.org/04z08z627","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129627893"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155236","display_name":"National Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04zaypm56","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Mercaldo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Pisa,Italy","Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \"Vincenzo Tiberio\", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy","Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR),Pisa,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Health Sciences \"Vincenzo Tiberio\", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129627893"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Informatics and Telematics, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004599844","display_name":"Antonella Santone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2634-4456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129627893","display_name":"University of Molise","ror":"https://ror.org/04z08z627","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129627893"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonella Santone","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Molise,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences &#x201C;Vincenzo Tiberio&#x201D;,Campobasso,Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Molise,Department of Medicine and Health Sciences &#x201C;Vincenzo Tiberio&#x201D;,Campobasso,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129627893"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022744865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5637,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88190391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.785987913608551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7002333998680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6655285954475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6435067057609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy","display_name":"Retinopathy","score":0.6130861043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5715725421905518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4868399500846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4622947871685028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.46097293496131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.45644882321357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/debugging","display_name":"Debugging","score":0.4223857522010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.41293030977249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.27233797311782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.07617411017417908}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.785987913608551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7002333998680115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6655285954475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6435067057609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.6130861043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5715725421905518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4868399500846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4622947871685028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.46097293496131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.45644882321357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168065819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845566","display_name":"Debugging","level":2,"score":0.4223857522010803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41293030977249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.27233797311782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.07617411017417908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9891978","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9891978","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607707","display_name":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2025923126","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2141983208","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2502390809","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2598442119","https://openalex.org/W2791485417","https://openalex.org/W2800609461","https://openalex.org/W2809160962","https://openalex.org/W2919234133","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2977631783","https://openalex.org/W2980444207","https://openalex.org/W3087052405","https://openalex.org/W3090449816","https://openalex.org/W3186964738","https://openalex.org/W4205499631","https://openalex.org/W4300852401","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6684191040"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312200629","https://openalex.org/W4223943233","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W2887366376","https://openalex.org/W4309045103","https://openalex.org/W4225161397","https://openalex.org/W3014300295","https://openalex.org/W3164822677","https://openalex.org/W3154941836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetic":[0],"retinopathy":[1,45,118,147,157],"is":[2,10,135],"a":[3,34,76,90,115],"disease":[4,63,148],"afflicting":[5],"the":[6,23,40,53,58,62,105,109,121,128,132,146,154,160,163,173,177,181],"retina":[7],"and":[8,42,87,89,100,150,167],"currently":[9],"manually":[11],"diagnosed":[12],"by":[13,46,64,114],"specialists":[14],"through":[15],"eye":[16],"tomography":[17],"inspection.":[18],"In":[19],"order":[20],"to":[21,37,55,61,107,126,175],"assist":[22],"clinician":[24,155],"in":[25,29,117,145,156],"this":[26,30],"time-consuming":[27],"task,":[28],"paper,":[31],"we":[32,51],"propose":[33],"method":[35],"aimed":[36],"automatically":[38,56],"diagnose":[39],"(proliferative":[41],"non-proliferative)":[43],"diabetic":[44],"exploiting":[47,65,96],"deep":[48,72,138],"learning.":[49],"Furthermore,":[50],"investigate":[52],"possibility":[54],"localise":[57],"areas":[59],"related":[60],"class":[66,97,164],"activation":[67,98,165],"maps.":[68],"We":[69],"evaluate":[70],"different":[71],"learning":[73,139],"models":[74],"from":[75],"quantitative":[77],"point":[78,92],"of":[79,93,111,123,162,180],"view":[80,94],"(i.e,":[81],"using":[82],"metrics":[83],"like":[84],"accuracy,":[85],"precision":[86],"recall)":[88],"qualitative":[91],"(by":[95],"maps":[99,166],"image":[101],"similarity":[102],"metrics)":[103],"with":[104],"aim":[106],"understand":[108],"quality":[110],"predictions":[112],"performed":[113],"model":[116,129,182],"diagnosis,":[119],"reducing":[120],"amount":[122],"knowledge":[124],"required":[125],"assess":[127],"performance.":[130],"From":[131],"experimental":[133],"analysis":[134],"emerging":[136],"that":[137],"shows":[140],"an":[141],"interesting":[142],"diagnostic":[143],"potential":[144],"localisation":[149],"can":[151,171],"effectively":[152],"help":[153,172],"diagnosis.":[158],"Moreover,":[159],"adoption":[161],"its":[168],"comparison":[169],"evaluation":[170],"developers":[174],"debug":[176],"training":[178],"step":[179],"without":[183],"medical":[184],"expertise.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-25T21:42:39.735039","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
