{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385484523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191855","title":"SynC: A Dense Retrieval Method based on Syntactical Contrastive Learning","display_name":"SynC: A Dense Retrieval Method based on Syntactical Contrastive Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385484523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191855"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191855","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110971625","display_name":"Hongjin Tao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongjin Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University,Chogqing,China","School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University, Chogqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University,Chogqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University, Chogqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024752776","display_name":"Jun Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3129-9052"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University,Chogqing,China","School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University, Chogqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University,Chogqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University, Chogqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102016449","display_name":"Yu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5787-6818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University,Chogqing,China","School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University, Chogqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University,Chogqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University, Chogqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389369","display_name":"Ziwei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-7347"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziwei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University,Chogqing,China","School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University, Chogqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University,Chogqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Big Data and Software, Chongqing University, Chogqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004579631","display_name":"Xiaolin Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4907-7354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096250","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Big Data Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00s1sz824","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570","https://openalex.org/I37796252","https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaolin Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-Data Application Technology,Innovation Center of Industrial Big-Data,Chogqing,China","Innovation Center of Industrial Big-Data, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-Data Application Technology, Chogqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-Data Application Technology,Innovation Center of Industrial Big-Data,Chogqing,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Innovation Center of Industrial Big-Data, National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Big-Data Application Technology, Chogqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096250"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"abs 2007 808","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8213646411895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encode","display_name":"ENCODE","score":0.5222859382629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-expansion","display_name":"Query expansion","score":0.5151556730270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sync","display_name":"sync","score":0.47556963562965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.45667028427124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.4329180121421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4326211214065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.2901870012283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.2533825933933258}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8213646411895752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.5222859382629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99016210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5488129","display_name":"Query expansion","level":2,"score":0.5151556730270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3913047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1956265","display_name":"sync","level":3,"score":0.47556963562965393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.45667028427124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.4329180121421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4326211214065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.2901870012283325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.2533825933933258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191855","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191855","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2270070752","https://openalex.org/W2558203065","https://openalex.org/W2740321901","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2937036051","https://openalex.org/W2945127593","https://openalex.org/W2951534261","https://openalex.org/W2952370363","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2970641574","https://openalex.org/W2997200074","https://openalex.org/W2998702515","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3011411500","https://openalex.org/W3099446234","https://openalex.org/W3099700870","https://openalex.org/W3105816068","https://openalex.org/W3118668786","https://openalex.org/W3156636935","https://openalex.org/W3157758108","https://openalex.org/W3168875417","https://openalex.org/W3172119680","https://openalex.org/W3173210704","https://openalex.org/W3174367567","https://openalex.org/W3175042000","https://openalex.org/W3176108833","https://openalex.org/W3188983256","https://openalex.org/W4206121183","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6761452495","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6774314701","https://openalex.org/W6779872132"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063547430","https://openalex.org/W2524993630","https://openalex.org/W2468279273","https://openalex.org/W2607244263","https://openalex.org/W2234430299","https://openalex.org/W1831690014","https://openalex.org/W1561022130","https://openalex.org/W2354198838","https://openalex.org/W1995263003","https://openalex.org/W2275988210"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"dense":[1,28,52,88,174],"retrieval":[2,8,21,89,175],"method":[3],"has":[4],"significantly":[5],"outperformed":[6],"sparse":[7],"technology.":[9],"It":[10],"becomes":[11],"a":[12],"main-stream":[13],"approach":[14,160],"of":[15,50,87,133],"relevant":[16],"passage":[17,26,45],"retrieving":[18],"task.":[19],"Dense":[20],"tasks":[22],"encode":[23],"query":[24],"and":[25,31,64,80,101,123,146,168,177],"into":[27],"representation":[29],"space":[30],"apply":[32],"contrastive":[33,105,140],"learning":[34,106],"to":[35,97,127,171,179],"obtain":[36,128],"more":[37],"representative":[38],"vectors,":[39],"then":[40],"retrieve":[41],"the":[42,47,51,76,85,115,151,158],"most":[43],"similar":[44],"by":[46,103],"inner":[48],"product":[49],"vectors.":[53],"However,":[54],"previous":[55,172],"achievements":[56],"rely":[57],"on":[58],"extremely":[59],"large":[60],"batch":[61,166],"size,":[62],"epoch":[63,169],"large-scaled":[65],"pre-trained":[66],"models,":[67],"which":[68],"results":[69,163],"in":[70,164],"tremendous":[71],"computational":[72,116],"resource":[73],"consumption.":[74],"Also,":[75],"expensive":[77],"equipment":[78],"prerequisite":[79],"low":[81],"training":[82,99,150],"efficiency":[83,100],"constrain":[84],"development":[86],"community.":[90],"Therefore,":[91],"we":[92,142],"present":[93],"an":[94],"alternative":[95],"solution":[96],"improve":[98],"quality":[102],"syntactical":[104],"methods":[107],"with":[108],"specially":[109],"designed":[110],"masking":[111,125],"strategy.":[112],"To":[113],"alleviate":[114],"consumption":[117],"problem,":[118],"this":[119],"paper":[120],"proposes":[121],"query-based":[122],"passage-based":[124],"strategies":[126],"syntactical-isolated":[129],"representations.":[130],"Besides,":[131],"instead":[132],"only":[134],"considering":[135],"query-to-passage":[136],"similarity":[137,148],"while":[138],"conducting":[139],"learning,":[141],"additionally":[143],"consider":[144],"query-to-query":[145],"passage-to-passage":[147],"when":[149],"dual-encoder":[152],"retriever.":[153],"The":[154],"experiments":[155],"show":[156],"that":[157],"proposed":[159],"achieved":[161],"competitive":[162],"small":[165],"size":[167],"comparing":[170],"state-of-the-art":[173],"methods,":[176],"also":[178],"strong":[180],"baseline.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
