{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3161549308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534378","title":"Image Embedding and Model Ensembling for Automated Chest X-Ray Interpretation","display_name":"Image Embedding and Model Ensembling for Automated Chest X-Ray Interpretation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3161549308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534378","mag":"3161549308"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534378","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.02966","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078591851","display_name":"Edoardo Giacomello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9150-1545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edoardo Giacomello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informazione e Bioinformatica Politecnico, di Milano","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informazione e Bioinformatica Politecnico, di Milano","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040796351","display_name":"Pier Luca Lanzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1933-7717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pier Luca Lanzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informazione e Bioinformatica Politecnico, di Milano","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informazione e Bioinformatica Politecnico, di Milano","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004851087","display_name":"Daniele Loiacono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5355-0634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniele Loiacono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informazione e Bioinformatica Politecnico, di Milano","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informazione e Bioinformatica Politecnico, di Milano","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049609176","display_name":"Luca Nassano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Nassano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Informazione e Bioinformatica Politecnico, di Milano","Polytechnic University of Milan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informazione e Bioinformatica Politecnico, di Milano","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic University of Milan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078591851"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.46878654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9746999740600586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7966980934143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7838341593742371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6748421788215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6367215514183044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5563138723373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.534583568572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.504543662071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretation","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","score":0.4928117096424103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.4608660638332367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.41946402192115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39761561155319214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7966980934143066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7838341593742371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6748421788215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6367215514183044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5563138723373413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.534583568572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.504543662071228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4928117096424103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.4608660638332367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.41946402192115784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39761561155319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534378","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534378","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.02966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.02966","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.02966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2105.02966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2105.02966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3161549308","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.02966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.02966","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.02966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1799366690","https://openalex.org/W1930624869","https://openalex.org/W1980276147","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2511730936","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2616247523","https://openalex.org/W2770241596","https://openalex.org/W2799108307","https://openalex.org/W2901954625","https://openalex.org/W2904183610","https://openalex.org/W2949605076","https://openalex.org/W2951583185","https://openalex.org/W2962975664","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2986198551","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3030810099","https://openalex.org/W3088798822","https://openalex.org/W3101156210","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W6676297131"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203933366","https://openalex.org/W2947856670","https://openalex.org/W3168680802","https://openalex.org/W3149975914","https://openalex.org/W2885112059","https://openalex.org/W3197402144","https://openalex.org/W3204275303","https://openalex.org/W3120374612","https://openalex.org/W3137180645","https://openalex.org/W3169409885","https://openalex.org/W2987927900","https://openalex.org/W3132223816","https://openalex.org/W3011825565","https://openalex.org/W3021725297","https://openalex.org/W3082312781","https://openalex.org/W3166245641","https://openalex.org/W2963967185","https://openalex.org/W2983339698","https://openalex.org/W3159817553","https://openalex.org/W3138881922"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chest":[0],"X-ray":[1],"(CXR)":[2],"is":[3],"perhaps":[4],"the":[5,38,54,61,86,111],"most":[6],"frequently-performed":[7],"radiological":[8],"investigation":[9],"globally.":[10],"In":[11,28],"this":[12,100],"work,":[13],"we":[14,30,52],"present":[15],"and":[16,78,116,122,139],"study":[17],"several":[18,32],"machine":[19],"learning":[20],"approaches":[21],"to":[22,57,66,83,124],"develop":[23],"automated":[24],"CXR":[25,48,62],"diagnostic":[26],"models.":[27],"particular,":[29],"trained":[31,55],"Convolutional":[33],"Neural":[34],"Networks":[35],"(CNN)":[36],"on":[37],"CheXpert":[39],"dataset,":[40],"a":[41],"large":[42],"collection":[43],"of":[44,60,70,113,141],"more":[45],"than":[46,90],"200k":[47],"labeled":[49],"images.":[50],"Then,":[51],"used":[53],"CNNs":[56],"compute":[58],"embeddings":[59,115],"images,":[63],"in":[64,134],"order":[65],"train":[67],"two":[68,108],"sets":[69],"tree-based":[71],"classifiers":[72,87],"from":[73],"them.":[74],"Finally,":[75],"wed":[76],"escribed":[77],"compared":[79],"three":[80],"ensembling":[81],"strategies":[82],"combine":[84],"together":[85],"trained.":[88],"Rather":[89],"expecting":[91],"some":[92],"performance-wise":[93],"benefits,":[94],"o":[95],"ur":[96],"goal":[97],"i":[98],"n":[99],"work":[101],"iss":[102],"howing":[103],"that":[104,127,135],"t":[105],"he":[106],"above":[107],"methodologies,":[109],"i.e.,":[110],"extraction":[112],"image":[114],"models":[117],"ensembling,":[118],"can":[119],"be":[120],"effective":[121],"viable":[123],"solve":[125],"tasks":[126],"require":[128],"medical":[129],"imaging":[130],"understanding.":[131],"Our":[132],"results":[133],"perspective":[136],"are":[137],"encouraging":[138],"worthy":[140],"further":[142],"investigation.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}