{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204946594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534142","title":"Identification of Adversarial Android Intents using Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Identification of Adversarial Android Intents using Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204946594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534142","mag":"3204946594"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534142","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023050538","display_name":"Hemant Rathore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7298-0210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hemant Rathore","raw_affiliation_strings":["BITS Pilani, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BITS Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081864965","display_name":"Piyush Nikam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1307-3618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piyush Nikam","raw_affiliation_strings":["BITS Pilani, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BITS Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053903379","display_name":"Sanjay K. Sahay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4640-2107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay K. Sahay","raw_affiliation_strings":["BITS Pilani, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BITS Pilani, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084640876","display_name":"Mohit Sewak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8375-5713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124949","display_name":"Microsoft Research (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02w7f3w92","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Sewak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security & Compliance Research, Microsoft, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security & Compliance Research, Microsoft, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124949"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023050538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74658553,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.8833233118057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.8744524717330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8483394384384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.8319336771965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8086036443710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.7993704676628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptovirology","display_name":"Cryptovirology","score":0.6630911827087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.587440013885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5817461013793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-machine-learning","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","score":0.515566349029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evasion","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","score":0.48711681365966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.4840790331363678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47717729210853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.467671275138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.44900450110435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.4319309592247009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.8833233118057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.8744524717330933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8483394384384155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.8319336771965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8086036443710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.7993704676628113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3506050","display_name":"Cryptovirology","level":3,"score":0.6630911827087402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.587440013885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5817461013793945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.515566349029541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781251061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416089","display_name":"Evasion (ethics)","level":3,"score":0.48711681365966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.4840790331363678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47717729210853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.467671275138855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.44900450110435486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.4319309592247009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9534142","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2122672392","https://openalex.org/W2125011234","https://openalex.org/W2551095084","https://openalex.org/W2732916693","https://openalex.org/W2792310543","https://openalex.org/W2963165251","https://openalex.org/W2963178695","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963611921","https://openalex.org/W3008071995","https://openalex.org/W3011068154","https://openalex.org/W3086404086","https://openalex.org/W3092522462","https://openalex.org/W3093436843","https://openalex.org/W3099091571","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6761671314"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2782775281","https://openalex.org/W2731848812","https://openalex.org/W2514733897","https://openalex.org/W3195312353","https://openalex.org/W4383468964","https://openalex.org/W3204946594","https://openalex.org/W4320024171","https://openalex.org/W3017348803","https://openalex.org/W4287814952","https://openalex.org/W4388867306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Android":[0],"malware":[1,33,87,100,117,158,202,220],"has":[2,10],"grown":[3],"manifold":[4],"in":[5,31,40,66,73,85,99],"the":[6,15,22,74,116,135,152,199,215],"last":[7],"decade":[8],"and":[9,61,77,172],"become":[11],"a":[12,125,147,208],"threat":[13],"to":[14,82,96,102,139,146,197,213],"ecosystem.":[16],"Recently":[17],"published":[18],"literature":[19],"suggests":[20],"that":[21,107,192],"data":[23],"mining":[24],"based":[25],"models":[26,43,60,89,160],"have":[27],"shown":[28],"promising":[29],"results":[30],"android":[32],"detection.":[34],"However,":[35],"adversaries":[36],"can":[37,48],"identify":[38],"vulnerabilities":[39,52,84],"these":[41,51,58],"detection":[42,59,88,118,141,159,184,203,221],"using":[44,90,162],"adversarial":[45,55,104,154,216],"learning.":[46,92],"Adversaries":[47],"further":[49],"exploit":[50,196],"by":[53,115],"performing":[54],"attacks":[56,212],"on":[57],"reduce":[62],"their":[63],"performance.":[64],"Therefore":[65],"this":[67],"work,":[68],"we":[69,206],"first":[70],"put":[71],"ourselves":[72],"adversary's":[75],"shoes":[76],"propose":[78,207],"an":[79,130,193],"evasion":[80,211],"attack":[81,94,121,155,168],"find":[83],"various":[86],"reinforcement":[91],"The":[93,120],"aims":[95],"add":[97],"perturbation(s)":[98],"samples":[101,105,114],"generate":[103],"such":[106],"they":[108],"are":[109],"forcefully":[110],"misclassified":[111],"as":[112],"benign":[113],"models.":[119,185,204,222],"is":[122,144],"designed":[123],"for":[124],"limited":[126,170],"knowledge":[127,171],"scenario":[128],"where":[129],"adversary":[131,194],"does":[132],"not":[133],"know":[134],"learning":[136,164],"algorithm":[137],"used":[138],"build":[140],"models,":[142],"which":[143],"similar":[145],"real-world":[148],"scenario.":[149],"We":[150,186],"validated":[151],"proposed":[153,167],"against":[156,181,210],"ten":[157,183,189],"constructed":[161],"different":[163],"algorithms.":[165],"Our":[166],"with":[169],"capabilities":[173],"accomplish":[174],"more":[175],"than":[176],"58%":[177],"forced":[178],"misclassification":[179],"rate":[180],"all":[182,219],"also":[187],"identified":[188],"vulnerable":[190],"intents":[191],"could":[195],"decrease":[198],"performance":[200],"of":[201,218],"Lastly,":[205],"defense":[209],"increase":[214],"robustness":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}