{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199042334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533912","title":"Learning Diverse Local Patterns for Deepfake Detection with Image-level Supervision","display_name":"Learning Diverse Local Patterns for Deepfake Detection with Image-level Supervision","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199042334","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533912","mag":"3199042334"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533912","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037263298","display_name":"Hefei Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-7412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hefei Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108882532","display_name":"Junrui Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junrui Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101634804","display_name":"Chengxin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8269-9799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengxin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015964434","display_name":"Yutong Yao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6368-8856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yutong Yao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006074303","display_name":"Jiazhong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2159-9393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiazhong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101690355","display_name":"Ping Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9534-816X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ping Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037263298"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55833333,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8182200193405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7342752814292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6473896503448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6188787221908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6155734062194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.5569366812705994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.5566836595535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5498858690261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5482854247093201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5220232605934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5151315927505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4925294816493988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4033834636211395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08621662855148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.07216614484786987}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8182200193405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7342752814292908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6473896503448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6188787221908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6155734062194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.5569366812705994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.5566836595535278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5498858690261841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5482854247093201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5220232605934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5151315927505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4925294816493988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4033834636211395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08621662855148315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.07216614484786987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533912","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533912","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2070111920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61972169,U1536203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2301937176","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2486034530","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2898877033","https://openalex.org/W2902304528","https://openalex.org/W2942074357","https://openalex.org/W2945262873","https://openalex.org/W2953335716","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2979433881","https://openalex.org/W2979980060","https://openalex.org/W2980516296","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2982494373","https://openalex.org/W2987809008","https://openalex.org/W2988576913","https://openalex.org/W2995516027","https://openalex.org/W2997517962","https://openalex.org/W3034196597","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3083246145","https://openalex.org/W3091747357","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6756046522","https://openalex.org/W6756925667","https://openalex.org/W6762480454","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6764542186","https://openalex.org/W6769178228","https://openalex.org/W6769920582","https://openalex.org/W6774957596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122718025","https://openalex.org/W2900460335","https://openalex.org/W4288057579","https://openalex.org/W2092714610","https://openalex.org/W2342684998","https://openalex.org/W2181817726","https://openalex.org/W3209718219","https://openalex.org/W3160284275","https://openalex.org/W1965781815","https://openalex.org/W1982770690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,27,50],"prevent":[1],"the":[2,22,32,43,53,58,62,67,72,77,91,104,108,127,145,160],"Deepfake-like":[3],"videos":[4],"from":[5],"spreading,":[6],"researchers":[7],"have":[8],"proposed":[9,71,141],"many":[10],"anti-forgery":[11],"methods.":[12],"However,":[13],"most":[14],"approaches":[15],"require":[16],"pixel-wise":[17],"annotation,":[18],"which":[19],"conflicts":[20],"with":[21],"real":[23],"Deepfake":[24,63],"detection":[25,64],"scenario.":[26],"make":[28],"full":[29],"use":[30],"of":[31,118,148],"image-level":[33,44],"label,":[34],"we":[35,56,152],"propose":[36],"a":[37],"Local-Prediction":[38,128],"framework":[39,129],"that":[40,79,126],"indirectly":[41],"allows":[42],"label":[45],"to":[46,90,132,158],"supervise":[47],"local":[48,54],"regions.":[49],"further":[51],"enrich":[52],"feature,":[55],"introduced":[57],"Local-Diversity":[59,73],"concept":[60],"in":[61],"field":[65,101],"for":[66],"first":[68],"time.":[69],"We":[70],"Loss":[74],"based":[75],"on":[76,114],"motivation":[78],"regional":[80],"pattern":[81],"differences":[82],"can":[83],"provide":[84,153],"semi-supervised":[85],"information":[86],"during":[87],"training.":[88],"Compared":[89],"previous":[92],"method,":[93],"our":[94,110],"approach":[95],"limits":[96],"each":[97],"classification":[98],"unit's":[99],"receptive":[100],"and":[102,136,155],"enriches":[103,144],"feature":[105],"diversity.":[106],"In":[107],"experiment,":[109],"method":[111],"is":[112,130],"evaluated":[113],"three":[115],"benchmark":[116],"datasets":[117],"four":[119],"widely-used":[120],"manipulation":[121],"types.":[122],"The":[123,140],"result":[124],"shows":[125],"beneficial":[131],"different":[133],"CNN":[134],"backbones":[135],"achieved":[137],"significant":[138],"performance.":[139],"LD":[142],"loss":[143],"learned":[146],"patterns":[147],"binary":[149],"classifiers.":[150],"Furthermore,":[151],"visualization":[154],"ablation":[156],"studies":[157],"understand":[159],"mechanism.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}