{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200657957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533824","title":"Bilevel Continual Learning","display_name":"Bilevel Continual Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200657957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533824","mag":"3200657957"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533824","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109032110","display_name":"Ammar Shaker","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ammar Shaker","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH,Heidelberg,Germany","NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH,Heidelberg,Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088490426","display_name":"Francesco Alesiani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-7247"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Alesiani","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH,Heidelberg,Germany","NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH,Heidelberg,Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041358503","display_name":"Shujian Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6385-1705"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shujian Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH,Heidelberg,Germany","NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH,Heidelberg,Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NEC Laboratories Europe GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101894923","display_name":"Wenzhe Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhe Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany","Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heidelberg University,Heidelberg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109032110"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5439,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72927889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.917900025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgetting","display_name":"Forgetting","score":0.8114665746688843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7737099528312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilevel-optimization","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","score":0.7172068953514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6874623894691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6862571239471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6326348781585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5773296356201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-learning","display_name":"Sequence learning","score":0.548963725566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-task-learning","display_name":"Multi-task learning","score":0.535966157913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5239694118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.47319790720939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45883458852767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-learning","display_name":"Competitive learning","score":0.4338533282279968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.17388811707496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1392725110054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.06917926669120789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.061230599880218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.05989798903465271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7149132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377840","display_name":"Forgetting","level":2,"score":0.8114665746688843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7737099528312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3309286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4907693","display_name":"Bilevel optimization","level":3,"score":0.7172068953514099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6874623894691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6862571239471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6326348781585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5773296356201172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40506919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452469","display_name":"Sequence learning","level":2,"score":0.548963725566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28006648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934509","display_name":"Multi-task learning","level":3,"score":0.535966157913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5239694118499756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.47319790720939636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45883458852767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120822770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156355","display_name":"Competitive learning","level":3,"score":0.4338533282279968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.17388811707496643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1392725110054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.06917926669120789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.061230599880218506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.05989798903465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533824","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533824","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1682403713","https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W1970163214","https://openalex.org/W1973264045","https://openalex.org/W2036963181","https://openalex.org/W2104939199","https://openalex.org/W2119885577","https://openalex.org/W2124659975","https://openalex.org/W2133013156","https://openalex.org/W2473930607","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2734314755","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2765101016","https://openalex.org/W2786446225","https://openalex.org/W2788388592","https://openalex.org/W2795900505","https://openalex.org/W2889798024","https://openalex.org/W2891244534","https://openalex.org/W2891595829","https://openalex.org/W2895723011","https://openalex.org/W2902625698","https://openalex.org/W2906141031","https://openalex.org/W2962724315","https://openalex.org/W2963306862","https://openalex.org/W2963390791","https://openalex.org/W2963559848","https://openalex.org/W2963788399","https://openalex.org/W2963813679","https://openalex.org/W2964189064","https://openalex.org/W2970505118","https://openalex.org/W2995139074","https://openalex.org/W3008449794","https://openalex.org/W3201520726","https://openalex.org/W4288346515","https://openalex.org/W4294646197","https://openalex.org/W4295883599","https://openalex.org/W4297800546","https://openalex.org/W4301163820","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6679564466","https://openalex.org/W6738602802","https://openalex.org/W6741217325","https://openalex.org/W6747837551","https://openalex.org/W6748649680","https://openalex.org/W6754509688","https://openalex.org/W6754570932","https://openalex.org/W6757988401","https://openalex.org/W6762959442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4289718052","https://openalex.org/W2164121020","https://openalex.org/W2145559838","https://openalex.org/W2905319430","https://openalex.org/W3116498279","https://openalex.org/W4287549553","https://openalex.org/W4310285384","https://openalex.org/W3183027292","https://openalex.org/W2014032771","https://openalex.org/W1522215732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Continual":[0,46],"Learning":[1,47],"(CL)":[2],"studies":[3],"the":[4,18,28,33,80,84,101,106],"problem":[5],"of":[6,10,20,83,98,108],"learning":[7,19,54],"a":[8,14,49],"sequence":[9],"tasks,":[11],"one":[12],"at":[13],"time,":[15],"such":[16],"that":[17,55,91],"each":[21],"new":[22],"task":[23,103],"does":[24],"not":[25],"lead":[26],"to":[27,71],"deterioration":[29],"in":[30,62,96],"performance":[31,95],"on":[32],"previously":[34,39],"seen":[35],"ones":[36],"while":[37,104],"exploiting":[38],"learned":[40],"features.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"presents":[44],"Bilevel":[45],"(BiCL),":[48],"general":[50],"framework":[51],"for":[52,64,100],"continual":[53,86],"fuses":[56],"bilevel":[57],"optimization":[58],"and":[59,76],"recent":[60],"advances":[61],"meta-learning":[63],"deep":[65,74],"neural":[66],"networks.":[67],"BiCL":[68,92],"is":[69],"able":[70],"train":[72],"both":[73],"discriminative":[75],"generative":[77],"models":[78],"under":[79],"conservative":[81],"setting":[82],"online":[85],"learning.":[87],"Experimental":[88],"results":[89],"show":[90],"provides":[93],"competitive":[94],"terms":[97],"accuracy":[99],"current":[102],"reducing":[105],"effect":[107],"catastrophic":[109],"forgetting.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}