{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131030730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533706","title":"Unsupervised Energy-based Out-of-distribution Detection using Stiefel-Restricted Kernel Machine","display_name":"Unsupervised Energy-based Out-of-distribution Detection using Stiefel-Restricted Kernel Machine","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131030730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533706","mag":"3131030730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533706","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08443","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017601648","display_name":"Francesco Tonin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5644-0086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Tonin","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781307","display_name":"Arun Pandey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7532-7185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arun Pandey","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031380765","display_name":"Panagiotis Patrinos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4824-7697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis Patrinos","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078854904","display_name":"Johan A. K. Suykens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8846-6352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johan A. K. Suykens","raw_affiliation_strings":["KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Katholieke Universiteit Leuven"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017601648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.14,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51882203,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.7511945962905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6359096169471741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6083511710166931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5931976437568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stiefel-manifold","display_name":"Stiefel manifold","score":0.5006916522979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4257773160934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.42343008518218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.4204123020172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.37780314683914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2976531386375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17584910988807678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.7511945962905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6359096169471741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6083511710166931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5931976437568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C612670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7616373","display_name":"Stiefel manifold","level":2,"score":0.5006916522979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4257773160934448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.42343008518218994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4204123020172119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.37780314683914185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2976531386375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17584910988807678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533706","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.08443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.08443","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08443","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3131030730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/683996","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/683996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Shenzhen, China, 18-22 July 2021","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.08443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2102.08443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.08443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.08443","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.08443","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959608418","https://openalex.org/W2008697864","https://openalex.org/W2048430744","https://openalex.org/W2078455576","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2115627867","https://openalex.org/W2137130182","https://openalex.org/W2161914416","https://openalex.org/W2335728318","https://openalex.org/W2531327146","https://openalex.org/W2605644966","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2753738274","https://openalex.org/W2867167548","https://openalex.org/W2883243526","https://openalex.org/W2904981516","https://openalex.org/W2945282335","https://openalex.org/W2962714411","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963546708","https://openalex.org/W2963693742","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2995085126","https://openalex.org/W2995455260","https://openalex.org/W2997212544","https://openalex.org/W3035757170","https://openalex.org/W3101367735","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3126226857","https://openalex.org/W4292023222","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6640284076","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6683825394","https://openalex.org/W6703116779","https://openalex.org/W6728622933","https://openalex.org/W6744627333","https://openalex.org/W6745891213","https://openalex.org/W6752760542","https://openalex.org/W6753202631","https://openalex.org/W6755655770","https://openalex.org/W6757615711","https://openalex.org/W6771594235","https://openalex.org/W6771731465","https://openalex.org/W6784323503"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3199755270","https://openalex.org/W2995085126","https://openalex.org/W2797977787","https://openalex.org/W2794135378","https://openalex.org/W2579029485","https://openalex.org/W2527364199","https://openalex.org/W2759102768","https://openalex.org/W2152993039","https://openalex.org/W2797984158","https://openalex.org/W2738729948","https://openalex.org/W3191299360","https://openalex.org/W2839756932","https://openalex.org/W2121423746","https://openalex.org/W2070598047","https://openalex.org/W3142540411","https://openalex.org/W2945031581","https://openalex.org/W2807202877","https://openalex.org/W3166317344","https://openalex.org/W3144910790","https://openalex.org/W3026876342"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Detecting":[0],"out-of-distribution":[1],"(OOD)":[2],"samples":[3],"is":[4],"an":[5,48,62,66],"essential":[6],"requirement":[7],"for":[8],"the":[9,16,29,54,71,75,80,92,100,105,110,126,134],"deployment":[10],"of":[11,128],"machine":[12],"learning":[13],"systems":[14],"in":[15],"real":[17],"world.":[18],"Until":[19],"now,":[20],"research":[21],"on":[22,28,79,91,102,133],"energy-based":[23,50,112],"OOD":[24,51,113,135],"detectors":[25,114],"has":[26],"focused":[27],"softmax":[30],"confidence":[31],"score":[32],"from":[33],"a":[34],"pre-trained":[35],"neural":[36],"network":[37],"classifier":[38],"with":[39,65],"access":[40],"to":[41],"class":[42],"labels.":[43],"In":[44,99],"contrast,":[45],"we":[46,84,123],"propose":[47],"unsupervised":[49],"detector":[52],"leveraging":[53],"Stiefel-Restricted":[55],"Kernel":[56],"Machine":[57],"(St-RKM).":[58],"Training":[59],"requires":[60],"minimizing":[61],"objective":[63],"function":[64,88,132],"autoencoder":[67],"loss":[68],"term":[69],"and":[70,95,115],"RKM":[72,93],"energy":[73,87,131],"where":[74],"interconnection":[76],"matrix":[77],"lies":[78],"Stiefel":[81],"manifold.":[82],"Further,":[83],"outline":[85],"multiple":[86],"definitions":[89],"based":[90],"framework":[94],"discuss":[96],"their":[97],"utility.":[98],"experiments":[101],"standard":[103],"datasets,":[104],"proposed":[106,130],"method":[107],"improves":[108],"over":[109],"existing":[111],"deep":[116],"generative":[117],"models.":[118],"Through":[119],"several":[120],"ablation":[121],"studies,":[122],"further":[124],"illustrate":[125],"merit":[127],"each":[129],"detection":[136],"performance.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}