{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199178087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533689","title":"Word-Level Textual Adversarial Attack in the Embedding Space","display_name":"Word-Level Textual Adversarial Attack in the Embedding Space","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199178087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533689","mag":"3199178087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533689","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081758219","display_name":"Bin Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0716-6105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070856186","display_name":"Zhaoquan Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7546-852X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoquan Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100558325","display_name":"Yushun Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yushun Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002876461","display_name":"Danni Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4831-2217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danni Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057867117","display_name":"Yaguan Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4056-9755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaguan Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhejiang University of Science and Technology,Department of Big Data Science,Hangzhou,China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology,Department of Big Data Science,Hangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100350793","display_name":"Le Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3610-9185"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37987034","display_name":"Guangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar8rn06","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University,Guangzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37987034"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11242","display_name":"Nuclear Materials and Properties","score":0.9143999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8248288631439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8087100982666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6402394771575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6074437499046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5818396210670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5725054740905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.49689558148384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-embedding","display_name":"Word embedding","score":0.4355446696281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.39634400606155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10844022035598755}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8248288631439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8087100982666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6402394771575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6074437499046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5818396210670471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5725054740905762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.49689558148384094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777462759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18395344","display_name":"Word embedding","level":3,"score":0.4355446696281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.39634400606155396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10844022035598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533689","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533689","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5600000023841858}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3229946250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902082,61972106","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G904419946","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QY1406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673923490","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1932198206","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2113459411","https://openalex.org/W2170240176","https://openalex.org/W2394658926","https://openalex.org/W2543927648","https://openalex.org/W2605035112","https://openalex.org/W2609368435","https://openalex.org/W2735135478","https://openalex.org/W2741933435","https://openalex.org/W2767899794","https://openalex.org/W2777353073","https://openalex.org/W2784815861","https://openalex.org/W2791941932","https://openalex.org/W2794557536","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2923325523","https://openalex.org/W2932893307","https://openalex.org/W2949128310","https://openalex.org/W2950606982","https://openalex.org/W2962718684","https://openalex.org/W2962782614","https://openalex.org/W2962818281","https://openalex.org/W2963012544","https://openalex.org/W2963083752","https://openalex.org/W2963126845","https://openalex.org/W2963207607","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963661177","https://openalex.org/W2963834268","https://openalex.org/W2963859254","https://openalex.org/W2963969878","https://openalex.org/W2964153729","https://openalex.org/W2988194011","https://openalex.org/W2996851481","https://openalex.org/W2998277219","https://openalex.org/W3035736465","https://openalex.org/W4288379066","https://openalex.org/W4288953700","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6640425456","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6685053522","https://openalex.org/W6736160952","https://openalex.org/W6737220129","https://openalex.org/W6741419198","https://openalex.org/W6742759968","https://openalex.org/W6746141323","https://openalex.org/W6746678344","https://openalex.org/W6748202248","https://openalex.org/W6749272056","https://openalex.org/W6749879876","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6760535093","https://openalex.org/W6765039553","https://openalex.org/W6766401332","https://openalex.org/W6767643807"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134175397","https://openalex.org/W947140380","https://openalex.org/W4286432911","https://openalex.org/W4230884544","https://openalex.org/W4245453790","https://openalex.org/W3194985222","https://openalex.org/W3216571906","https://openalex.org/W4214830338","https://openalex.org/W2518587255","https://openalex.org/W4287599800"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"studies":[1],"have":[2,89],"revealed":[3],"the":[4,12,23,59,70,77,85,105,125,136,155,158,169],"vulnerability":[5],"of":[6,14,72,157],"deep":[7],"neural":[8],"networks":[9],"(DNNs)":[10],"in":[11,58,123],"face":[13],"adversarial":[15,25,87,107,137,159,164],"attacks.":[16],"By":[17,133],"adding":[18],"a":[19,53,111,117],"small":[20],"perturbation":[21],"to":[22,46,62],"input,":[24],"attacks":[26],"could":[27,94,109],"fool":[28,96],"many":[29],"advanced":[30],"models":[31,129,152],"for":[32,80],"computer":[33],"vision,":[34],"speech":[35],"recognition":[36],"and":[37,75,127,166,173],"natural":[38],"language":[39],"processing":[40],"tasks,":[41],"posing":[42],"severe":[43],"security":[44],"threats":[45],"DNNs.":[47,98],"In":[48],"this":[49,167],"paper,":[50],"we":[51,102,162],"proposed":[52],"gradient-based":[54],"word-level":[55],"attack":[56,63],"method":[57,68],"embedding":[60],"space":[61],"text":[64],"classification":[65,97],"models.":[66],"This":[67],"computes":[69],"significance":[71],"each":[73],"word":[74,79,83,120],"chooses":[76],"optimal":[78],"substitution":[81,121],"after":[82],"embedding;":[84],"generated":[86,106],"texts":[88,108,138],"little":[90,144],"semantic":[91,145],"changes":[92,146],"but":[93],"successfully":[95],"Through":[99],"extensive":[100],"experiments,":[101],"confirmed":[103,154],"that":[104],"achieve":[110],"success":[112],"rate":[113,122],"approaching":[114],"100%":[115],"with":[116],"very":[118],"low":[119],"attacking":[124],"WordCNN":[126],"LSTM":[128],"on":[130,150],"three":[131],"datasets.":[132],"human":[134,140],"evaluation,":[135],"evaded":[139],"notice":[141],"which":[142],"implied":[143],"were":[147],"made.":[148],"Experiments":[149],"different":[151],"also":[153],"transferability":[156],"texts.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"adopted":[163],"training,":[165],"improved":[168],"models'":[170],"generalization":[171],"capacity":[172],"robustness.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}