{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201027504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533684","title":"Noise tolerant ternary weight deep neural networks for analog in-memory inference","display_name":"Noise tolerant ternary weight deep neural networks for analog in-memory inference","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201027504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533684","mag":"3201027504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533684","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078608472","display_name":"Jonas Doevenspeck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2794-8403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Doevenspeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec,Leuven,Belgium","Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062896285","display_name":"Peter Vrancx","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9876-3684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Vrancx","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec,Leuven,Belgium","Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059602336","display_name":"Nathan Laubeuf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1592-755X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nathan Laubeuf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec,Leuven,Belgium","Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111610998","display_name":"Arindam Mallik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arindam Mallik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec,Leuven,Belgium","Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082798974","display_name":"Peter Debacker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3825-5554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Debacker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec,Leuven,Belgium","Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108761749","display_name":"Diederik Verkest","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diederik Verkest","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec,Leuven,Belgium","Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039430610","display_name":"Rudy Lauwereins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3861-0168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rudy Lauwereins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec,Leuven,Belgium","Imec, Leuven, Belgium","KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076274517","display_name":"Wim Dehaene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-7965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wim Dehaene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imec,Leuven,Belgium","KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec,Leuven,Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.7592072486877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7171775102615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6245768666267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6115738749504089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.5350374579429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4298549294471741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-measurement","display_name":"Noise measurement","score":0.4136938750743866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.40150582790374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3728160262107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.24035558104515076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.104990154504776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.7592072486877441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7171775102615356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6245768666267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6115738749504089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.5350374579429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4298549294471741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.4136938750743866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.40150582790374756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3728160262107849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.24035558104515076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.104990154504776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn52387.2021.9533684","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4751366843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"876925","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","funder_display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327207","display_name":"Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W601603264","https://openalex.org/W1821462560","https://openalex.org/W1964175594","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2108677974","https://openalex.org/W2143163787","https://openalex.org/W2175322436","https://openalex.org/W2242818861","https://openalex.org/W2260663238","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2431931973","https://openalex.org/W2586654419","https://openalex.org/W2893251308","https://openalex.org/W2896122000","https://openalex.org/W2900663597","https://openalex.org/W2912910336","https://openalex.org/W2915478146","https://openalex.org/W2916954108","https://openalex.org/W2946522000","https://openalex.org/W2948661249","https://openalex.org/W2963485691","https://openalex.org/W2995492582","https://openalex.org/W2996765603","https://openalex.org/W2997055188","https://openalex.org/W3000301330","https://openalex.org/W3005589975","https://openalex.org/W3005599125","https://openalex.org/W3037288590","https://openalex.org/W3101272433","https://openalex.org/W3107913576","https://openalex.org/W3161810489","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6676315081","https://openalex.org/W6680910308","https://openalex.org/W6692521979","https://openalex.org/W6771599750","https://openalex.org/W6779885597","https://openalex.org/W6786243335"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W141820298","https://openalex.org/W2049584446","https://openalex.org/W2079781215","https://openalex.org/W4378770497","https://openalex.org/W4308245303","https://openalex.org/W2014033564","https://openalex.org/W2055243143","https://openalex.org/W3042419602","https://openalex.org/W2966649771","https://openalex.org/W4285818394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analog":[0],"in":[1],"memory":[2,69],"computing":[3],"(AiMC)":[4],"is":[5,127],"a":[6],"promising":[7],"hardware":[8],"solution":[9],"to":[10,20,45,87],"efficiently":[11],"perform":[12],"inference":[13],"with":[14,131],"deep":[15],"neural":[16],"networks":[17],"(DNNs).":[18],"Similar":[19],"digital":[21],"DNN":[22],"accelerators,":[23],"AiMC":[24,33,56],"systems":[25,34,57],"benefit":[26],"from":[27,37],"aggressively":[28],"quantized":[29],"DNNs.":[30],"In":[31,71],"addition,":[32],"also":[35],"suffer":[36],"noise":[38,50,81,104,112,125],"on":[39],"activations":[40],"and":[41,78,83,102],"weights.":[42],"Training":[43],"strategies":[44],"condition":[46],"DNNs":[47,92],"against":[48,93],"weight":[49,68,94,111,124],"can":[51],"increase":[52,88],"the":[53,60,89,108,115,123,132],"efficiency":[54],"of":[55,62,91,110,134],"by":[58],"enabling":[59],"use":[61],"more":[63,66,130,135],"compact":[64],"but":[65],"noisy":[67],"devices.":[70],"this":[72],"work,":[73],"we":[74],"utilize":[75],"noise-aware":[76,100],"training":[77,82,101,105],"introduce":[79],"gradual":[80,103],"network":[84,116,120,136],"width":[85,121],"scaling":[86],"tolerance":[90,126],"noise.":[95],"Our":[96],"results":[97],"show":[98],"that":[99],"drastically":[106],"lowers":[107],"impact":[109],"without":[113],"changing":[114],"size.":[117],"By":[118],"utilizing":[119],"scaling,":[122],"increased":[128],"even":[129],"penalty":[133],"parameters.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
