{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3091080409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207659","title":"A Novel way of Training a Neural Network with Reinforcement learning and without Back Propagation","display_name":"A Novel way of Training a Neural Network with Reinforcement learning and without Back Propagation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3091080409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207659","mag":"3091080409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207659","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103111047","display_name":"James A. Lindsay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3216-652X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51768193","display_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04yr71909","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James Lindsay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040216684","display_name":"Sidney Gigivi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney Gigivi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103111047"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51768193"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4625,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67217765,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.814886748790741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7230349183082581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7136487364768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/worry","display_name":"Worry","score":0.6522171497344971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.629427433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.572318971157074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.541922390460968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-automata","display_name":"Learning automata","score":0.4994823932647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/core","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","score":0.48865917325019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.4356961250305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automaton","display_name":"Automaton","score":0.39566606283187866}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.814886748790741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7230349183082581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7136487364768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779978724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436482","display_name":"Worry","level":3,"score":0.6522171497344971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.629427433013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.572318971157074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.541922390460968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776807809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510160","display_name":"Learning automata","level":3,"score":0.4994823932647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.48865917325019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4356961250305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112505250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q787116","display_name":"Automaton","level":2,"score":0.39566606283187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207659","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207659","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574638321","https://openalex.org/W1582774210","https://openalex.org/W1884347414","https://openalex.org/W2053006121","https://openalex.org/W2064152920","https://openalex.org/W2067100891","https://openalex.org/W2076847403","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2580175322","https://openalex.org/W2792643794","https://openalex.org/W2908832955","https://openalex.org/W2947548407","https://openalex.org/W2964161337","https://openalex.org/W3103559770","https://openalex.org/W4289436733","https://openalex.org/W4377862871","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6732665253","https://openalex.org/W6749029207","https://openalex.org/W6755150206","https://openalex.org/W6763204649"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115605526","https://openalex.org/W3093883775","https://openalex.org/W1539246760","https://openalex.org/W2786746258","https://openalex.org/W4225893763","https://openalex.org/W2788727425","https://openalex.org/W2405196115","https://openalex.org/W2104893957","https://openalex.org/W4402471162","https://openalex.org/W2971074373"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,17],"paper":[1],"introduces,":[2],"explores":[3],"and":[4,39,81,133],"shows":[5],"a":[6,14,44,49,66,75,78,87,102],"new":[7,18],"way":[8],"to":[9,34,42,65,86,121],"optimize":[10],"the":[11,83,94,124],"weights":[12],"of":[13,51,104],"neural":[15,79,95],"network.":[16,46],"technique":[19],"does":[20],"not":[21,119],"use":[22],"back":[23],"propagation":[24],"or":[25,128],"relies":[26],"on":[27],"gradient":[28,126],"descent.":[29],"The":[30],"core":[31],"idea":[32],"is":[33,72,134],"combine":[35],"both":[36],"Game":[37],"Theory":[38],"Reinforcement":[40],"Learning":[41,58],"train":[43],"Neural":[45],"We":[47],"structure":[48],"game":[50,84,103],"learning":[52],"automata":[53],"agents,":[54,61],"specifically":[55],"Continuous":[56],"Action":[57],"Automata":[59],"(CALA)":[60],"that":[62,93,112],"iteratively":[63],"converges":[64,85],"global":[67,88],"minimum.":[68],"Each":[69],"CALA":[70,105],"agent":[71],"associated":[73],"with":[74,110],"weight":[76],"in":[77],"network,":[80],"when":[82],"minimum,":[89],"we":[90,107],"can":[91,108],"say":[92],"network":[96],"has":[97,113],"been":[98,114],"trained.":[99],"By":[100],"using":[101],"agents":[106],"deal":[109],"input":[111],"corrupted":[115],"by":[116],"noise,":[117],"do":[118],"have":[120],"worry":[122,129],"about":[123,130],"vanishing":[125],"problem":[127],"over":[131],"fitting":[132],"structured":[135],"better":[136],"for":[137],"parallel":[138],"computing.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
