{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3012986730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207619","title":"A Privacy-Preserving Distributed Architecture for Deep-Learning-as-a-Service","display_name":"A Privacy-Preserving Distributed Architecture for Deep-Learning-as-a-Service","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3012986730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207619","mag":"3012986730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207619","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.13541","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027716492","display_name":"Simone Disabato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5991-2651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simone Disabato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","[Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080950812","display_name":"Alessandro Falcetta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0460-1690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Falcetta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","[Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026874739","display_name":"Alessio Mongelluzzo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessio Mongelluzzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","[Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035547226","display_name":"Manuel Roveri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7828-7687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Roveri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","[Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Milano, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027716492"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1371,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5292869,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8524840474128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8402347564697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.8007548451423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7407895922660828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.723475456237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6117143034934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5871703028678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5769901275634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5519319772720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5197679400444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.47444069385528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4346925914287567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.41569846868515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3230607509613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3033542037010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.174392968416214}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8524840474128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8402347564697266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.8007548451423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7407895922660828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.723475456237793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6117143034934998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5871703028678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5769901275634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5519319772720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5197679400444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.47444069385528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4346925914287567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41569846868515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3230607509613037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3033542037010193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.174392968416214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn48605.2020.9207619","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.13541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.13541","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.13541","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3012986730","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2003.13541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.13541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2003.13541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2003.13541","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.13541","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2003.13541","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6299999952316284}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321873","display_name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","ror":"https://ror.org/0166hxq48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3012986730.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3012986730.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W150223756","https://openalex.org/W1529862094","https://openalex.org/W1538131130","https://openalex.org/W1585067194","https://openalex.org/W1982692217","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2060079959","https://openalex.org/W2083847133","https://openalex.org/W2092422002","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2146292423","https://openalex.org/W2149933564","https://openalex.org/W2156030242","https://openalex.org/W2164409696","https://openalex.org/W2177209050","https://openalex.org/W2435473771","https://openalex.org/W2519249189","https://openalex.org/W2606882085","https://openalex.org/W2620512600","https://openalex.org/W2701059868","https://openalex.org/W2750384547","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2770885069","https://openalex.org/W2794888826","https://openalex.org/W2798371872","https://openalex.org/W2897925395","https://openalex.org/W2963733194","https://openalex.org/W2970971581","https://openalex.org/W2987932087","https://openalex.org/W3028867652","https://openalex.org/W3141585064","https://openalex.org/W3212932635","https://openalex.org/W6606067566","https://openalex.org/W6632100814","https://openalex.org/W6668387570","https://openalex.org/W6679763910","https://openalex.org/W6743688258","https://openalex.org/W6745940941","https://openalex.org/W6748082217","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6778434676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807214292","https://openalex.org/W3006314838","https://openalex.org/W3123012396","https://openalex.org/W3080303811","https://openalex.org/W3133566396","https://openalex.org/W2770386241","https://openalex.org/W2910908473","https://openalex.org/W2885996416","https://openalex.org/W2924431334","https://openalex.org/W3032528071","https://openalex.org/W2912563840","https://openalex.org/W3006533130","https://openalex.org/W3048959573","https://openalex.org/W2933847596","https://openalex.org/W2524673346","https://openalex.org/W2921313539","https://openalex.org/W2945673979","https://openalex.org/W3002974274","https://openalex.org/W2978352920","https://openalex.org/W3044749595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep-learning-as-a-service":[0],"is":[1,89,114],"a":[2,82,139],"novel":[3,83],"and":[4,14,27,38,48,101,136],"promising":[5],"computing":[6,18],"paradigm":[7],"aiming":[8],"at":[9],"providing":[10,98],"machine/deep":[11],"learning":[12,30,103],"solutions":[13],"mechanisms":[15],"through":[16,138],"Cloud-based":[17,99],"infrastructures.":[19],"Thanks":[20],"to":[21,24,55,58,67,91,116],"its":[22],"ability":[23],"remotely":[25],"execute":[26],"train":[28],"deep":[29,102],"models":[31],"(that":[32],"typically":[33],"require":[34],"high":[35,45],"computational":[36],"loads":[37],"memory":[39],"occupation),":[40],"such":[41,51],"an":[42,52],"approach":[43,53],"guarantees":[44],"performance,":[46],"scalability,":[47],"availability.":[49],"Unfortunately,":[50],"requires":[54],"send":[56],"information":[57],"be":[59],"processed":[60],"(e.g.,":[61],"signals,":[62],"images,":[63],"positions,":[64],"sounds,":[65],"videos)":[66],"the":[68,75,93,131,146,149],"Cloud,":[69],"hence":[70],"having":[71],"potentially":[72],"catastrophic-impacts":[73],"on":[74,110,119],"privacy":[76],"of":[77,133,148],"users.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"introduces":[81],"distributed":[84],"architecture":[85],"for":[86,125],"deep-learning-as-a-service":[87],"that":[88,113],"able":[90,115],"preserve":[92],"user":[94],"sensitive":[95],"data":[96],"while":[97],"machine":[100],"services.":[104],"The":[105],"proposed":[106,150],"architecture,":[107],"which":[108],"relies":[109],"Homomorphic":[111],"Encryption":[112],"perform":[117],"operations":[118],"encrypted":[120],"data,":[121],"has":[122],"been":[123],"tailored":[124],"Convolutional":[126],"Neural":[127],"Networks":[128],"(CNNs)":[129],"in":[130],"domain":[132],"image":[134],"analysis":[135],"implemented":[137],"client-server":[140],"REST-based":[141],"approach.":[142],"Experimental":[143],"results":[144],"show":[145],"effectiveness":[147],"architecture.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}