{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2978427426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851862","title":"Approximating Binarization in Neural Networks","display_name":"Approximating Binarization in Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2978427426","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851862","mag":"2978427426"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851862","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015331392","display_name":"\u00c7a\u011flar Aytekin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-9757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Caglar Aytekin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049106121","display_name":"Francesco Cricri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-420X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Cricri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017900883","display_name":"Jani Lainema","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jani Lainema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015289739","display_name":"Emre Aksu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7363-2824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Aksu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044816664","display_name":"Miska M. Hannuksela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3405-0850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miska Hannuksela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Technologies, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015331392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10590378,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7616609334945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7432058453559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6824586391448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6579647660255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.6240924000740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differentiable-function","display_name":"Differentiable function","score":0.5775642395019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gradient-descent","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","score":0.5568227767944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5029310584068298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5016849040985107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.49505415558815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48605161905288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43659061193466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16000604629516602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.06819579005241394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7616609334945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7432058453559875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6824586391448975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6579647660255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.6240924000740051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202615002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q783507","display_name":"Differentiable function","level":2,"score":0.5775642395019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.5568227767944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5029310584068298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5016849040985107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.49505415558815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48605161905288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43659061193466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16000604629516602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.06819579005241394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851862","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2019.8851862","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W2146395539","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2552465432","https://openalex.org/W2609575245","https://openalex.org/W2781154479","https://openalex.org/W2784163702","https://openalex.org/W2796335507","https://openalex.org/W2804584397","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2962676454","https://openalex.org/W2962849408","https://openalex.org/W2962898354","https://openalex.org/W2963149687","https://openalex.org/W2963502379","https://openalex.org/W2966122314","https://openalex.org/W3101227480","https://openalex.org/W3103152812","https://openalex.org/W4214958790","https://openalex.org/W4297940714","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6698200048","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6747648592","https://openalex.org/W6748713143","https://openalex.org/W6749820799","https://openalex.org/W6751946200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206903459","https://openalex.org/W2754816816","https://openalex.org/W4366280654","https://openalex.org/W3160167280","https://openalex.org/W4231621013","https://openalex.org/W4362706668","https://openalex.org/W3008318776","https://openalex.org/W1977633006","https://openalex.org/W2041416246","https://openalex.org/W3020853991"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Binarization":[0,33],"of":[1],"neural":[2,46,106],"networks'":[3],"activations":[4,72],"may":[5],"be":[6,29],"a":[7,30,74,85,94],"requirement":[8],"for":[9],"some":[10],"applications.":[11],"A":[12],"typical":[13],"example":[14],"is":[15,26,34,77],"end-to-end":[16],"learned":[17],"deep":[18],"image":[19],"compression":[20],"systems":[21],"where":[22],"the":[23,71,101],"encoder's":[24],"output":[25],"requred":[27],"to":[28,39,44,84,99],"binary":[31,81],"vector.":[32],"non-differentiable,":[35],"therefore":[36],"one":[37],"needs":[38],"approximate":[40],"it":[41],"in":[42,73,105],"order":[43],"train":[45],"networks":[47],"with":[48],"stochastic":[49],"gradient":[50],"descent.":[51],"In":[52],"this":[53],"paper,":[54],"we":[55],"investigate":[56],"these":[57],"training":[58],"strategies":[59],"and":[60,97],"provide":[61],"improvements":[62],"over":[63],"baselines.":[64],"We":[65],"find":[66],"that":[67,76],"during":[68],"training,":[69],"constraining":[70],"region":[75],"far":[78],"away":[79],"from":[80],"points":[82],"leads":[83,98],"better":[86],"performance":[87],"at":[88],"test-time.":[89],"The":[90],"above":[91],"finding":[92],"provides":[93],"counter-intuitive":[95],"result":[96],"re-thinking":[100],"binarization":[102],"approximation":[103],"problem":[104],"networks.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
