{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2787027558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489341","title":"Effective Quantization Approaches for Recurrent Neural Networks","display_name":"Effective Quantization Approaches for Recurrent Neural Networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2787027558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489341","mag":"2787027558"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489341","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02615","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083608547","display_name":"Md Zahangir Alom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2314-1207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127591826","display_name":"University of Dayton","ror":"https://ror.org/021v3qy27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Zahangir Alom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, OH, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, OH 45469, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, OH 45469, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068423553","display_name":"Adam Moody","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adam T Moody","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, USA","Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035025604","display_name":"Naoya Maruyama","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoya Maruyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, USA","Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036789951","display_name":"Brian C. Van Essen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2281-7500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282311441","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210138311"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian C Van Essen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, USA","Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282311441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA 94550, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104090957","display_name":"Tarek M. Taha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127591826","display_name":"University of Dayton","ror":"https://ror.org/021v3qy27","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek M. Taha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, OH, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, OH 45469, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, OH 45469, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083608547"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127591826"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0625,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82015853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8250433206558228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.776014506816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist-database","display_name":"MNIST database","score":0.7034151554107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6116175651550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.5887348651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.5234791040420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5015726089477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4181777834892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.4156266748905182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.36751365661621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1801522970199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.08251550793647766}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8250433206558228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.776014506816864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.7034151554107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6116175651550293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5887348651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.5234791040420532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5015726089477539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4181777834892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.4156266748905182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.36751365661621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1801522970199585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.08251550793647766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489341","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1802.02615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02615","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2787027558","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1802.02615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.02615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1802.02615","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.02615","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1802.02615","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1494814522","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE_AC52-07NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2917824471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07NA2734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3391580208","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07NA2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5522089832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5816449448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5964142490","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"E-AC52-07NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6020043373","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07NA2734","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8374966015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC52-07NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8658770765","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC52-07NA27","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G991281326","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC52-07NA27344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338286","display_name":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/041nk4h53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2787027558.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2787027558.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1485009520","https://openalex.org/W1525783482","https://openalex.org/W1594170634","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2113459411","https://openalex.org/W2138913040","https://openalex.org/W2177838837","https://openalex.org/W2198190323","https://openalex.org/W2266701264","https://openalex.org/W2276486856","https://openalex.org/W2279098554","https://openalex.org/W2314470091","https://openalex.org/W2405920868","https://openalex.org/W2557257847","https://openalex.org/W2560017826","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2653504903","https://openalex.org/W2766450720","https://openalex.org/W2951536030","https://openalex.org/W2951978180","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W4254816979","https://openalex.org/W6616837769","https://openalex.org/W6631636882","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6638839971","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6676984168","https://openalex.org/W6677326919","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6685682220","https://openalex.org/W6687785706","https://openalex.org/W6693397755","https://openalex.org/W6693721977","https://openalex.org/W6695314431","https://openalex.org/W6698200048","https://openalex.org/W6714058667","https://openalex.org/W6730047919","https://openalex.org/W6730061913","https://openalex.org/W6745783214"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962962672","https://openalex.org/W2513874664","https://openalex.org/W2968262827","https://openalex.org/W2586717708","https://openalex.org/W2783019390","https://openalex.org/W3126606986","https://openalex.org/W2963838731","https://openalex.org/W1499864241","https://openalex.org/W2883775970","https://openalex.org/W3036803174","https://openalex.org/W2982408358","https://openalex.org/W3048018415","https://openalex.org/W2914294010","https://openalex.org/W2791521493","https://openalex.org/W3157992795","https://openalex.org/W3162668143","https://openalex.org/W3011877917","https://openalex.org/W3094667432","https://openalex.org/W2971306187","https://openalex.org/W2785820430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning,":[1],"Recurrent":[2,86,97],"Neural":[3,87],"Networks":[4,88],"(RNN)":[5,89],"in":[6,12,35,47],"particular":[7],"have":[8,108],"shown":[9],"superior":[10],"accuracy":[11],"a":[13],"large":[14,50],"variety":[15],"of":[16,37,162],"tasks":[17],"including":[18,67,91,113],"machine":[19],"translation,":[20],"language":[21],"understanding,":[22],"and":[23,73,100,123,143,166,176],"movie":[24],"frames":[25],"generation.":[26],"However,":[27],"these":[28],"deep":[29],"learning":[30],"approaches":[31,57,132],"are":[32,46,58,133,155],"very":[33],"expensive":[34],"terms":[36],"computation.":[38],"In":[39,76],"most":[40],"cases,":[41],"Graphic":[42],"Processing":[43],"Units":[44,98],"(GPUs)":[45],"used":[48],"for":[49,60,85,138,172],"scale":[51],"implementations.":[52],"Meanwhile,":[53],"energy":[54],"efficient":[55],"RNN":[56],"proposed":[59,131],"deploying":[61],"solutions":[62],"on":[63,135,141,147],"special":[64],"purpose":[65],"hardware":[66],"Field":[68],"Programming":[69],"Gate":[70],"Arrays":[71],"(FPGAs)":[72],"mobile":[74],"platforms.":[75],"this":[77],"paper,":[78],"we":[79],"propose":[80],"an":[81],"effective":[82],"quantization":[83,111],"approach":[84],"techniques":[90],"Long":[92,102],"Short-Term":[93],"Memory":[94,105],"(LSTM),":[95],"Gated":[96],"(GRU),":[99],"Convolutional":[101],"Short":[103],"Term":[104],"(ConvLSTM).":[106],"We":[107],"implemented":[109],"different":[110,136],"methods":[112],"Binary":[114],"Connect":[115,119,125],"{-1,":[116,120,126],"1},":[117,122],"Ternary":[118],"0,":[121],"Quaternary":[124],"-0.5,":[127],"0.5,":[128],"1}.":[129],"These":[130],"evaluated":[134],"datasets":[137],"sentiment":[139,174],"analysis":[140,175],"IMDB":[142],"video":[144,177],"frame":[145,178],"predictions":[146],"the":[148,158,163],"moving":[149],"MNIST":[150],"dataset.":[151],"The":[152],"experimental":[153],"results":[154,171],"compared":[156],"against":[157],"full":[159],"precision":[160],"versions":[161],"LSTM,":[164],"GRU,":[165],"ConvLSTM.":[167],"They":[168],"show":[169],"promising":[170],"both":[173],"prediction.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T07:56:08.524223","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
