{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1656228339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2015.7280319","title":"Scalable real-time parking lot classification: An evaluation of image features and supervised learning algorithms","display_name":"Scalable real-time parking lot classification: An evaluation of image features and supervised learning algorithms","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1656228339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2015.7280319","mag":"1656228339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2015.7280319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2015.7280319","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35406/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009948421","display_name":"Marc Tschentscher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc Tschentscher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, DE","Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44801, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, DE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44801, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012837015","display_name":"Christian Koch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-7611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Koch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046951484","display_name":"Markus K\u00f6nig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2729-7743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markus Konig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Computing in Engineering, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Chair of Computing in Engineering, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44801, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Computing in Engineering, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Computing in Engineering, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44801, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017703542","display_name":"Jan Salmen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Salmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44801, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44801, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025991216","display_name":"Marc Schlipsing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Schlipsing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44801, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Neural Computation, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44801, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009948421"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1593,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92841924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7722977995872498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6750961542129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parking-lot","display_name":"Parking lot","score":0.600511908531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5887337327003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5268617868423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5242307782173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5003204345703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.46432632207870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-invariant-feature-transform","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","score":0.4338870644569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transferability","display_name":"Transferability","score":0.42452943325042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3302798569202423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12060278654098511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.0916183590888977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7722977995872498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6750961542129517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777427512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501349","display_name":"Parking lot","level":2,"score":0.600511908531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5887337327003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5268617868423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5242307782173157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5003204345703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.46432632207870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61265191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767770","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","level":3,"score":0.4338870644569397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61272859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834031","display_name":"Transferability","level":3,"score":0.42452943325042725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3302798569202423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12060278654098511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0916183590888977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140331021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1868104","display_name":"Logit","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2015.7280319","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2015.7280319","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:35406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35406/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402013","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:756732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/756732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:35406","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35406/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402013","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference or Workshop Item"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1480376833","https://openalex.org/W1523418347","https://openalex.org/W1939606127","https://openalex.org/W1977272108","https://openalex.org/W2002639996","https://openalex.org/W2006956748","https://openalex.org/W2017301540","https://openalex.org/W2047139834","https://openalex.org/W2060854363","https://openalex.org/W2095764108","https://openalex.org/W2097021296","https://openalex.org/W2107909313","https://openalex.org/W2129388261","https://openalex.org/W2137701617","https://openalex.org/W2147348211","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2152417180","https://openalex.org/W2154834928","https://openalex.org/W2165396812","https://openalex.org/W2177478906","https://openalex.org/W2290485658","https://openalex.org/W2319050173","https://openalex.org/W2382436284","https://openalex.org/W2544024834","https://openalex.org/W3041424613","https://openalex.org/W6640493118","https://openalex.org/W6696927642"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034955165","https://openalex.org/W2161221533","https://openalex.org/W2094920358","https://openalex.org/W2041448692","https://openalex.org/W2247121321","https://openalex.org/W2391926582","https://openalex.org/W1966831329","https://openalex.org/W1995688991","https://openalex.org/W2020188645","https://openalex.org/W2049930962"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,118],"time-consuming":[1],"search":[2],"for":[3,30,39,72],"parking":[4,44,101,131],"lots":[5],"could":[6],"be":[7],"assisted":[8],"by":[9],"efficient":[10],"routing":[11],"systems.":[12],"Still,":[13],"the":[14,53,83,87,107,130],"needed":[15],"vacancy":[16],"detection":[17,41],"is":[18],"either":[19],"very":[20],"hardware":[21],"expensive,":[22],"lacks":[23],"detail":[24],"or":[25],"does":[26,95],"not":[27,96],"scale":[28],"well":[29],"industrial":[31],"application.":[32],"This":[33],"paper":[34],"presents":[35],"a":[36,90,137],"video-based":[37],"system":[38,120],"cost-effective":[40],"of":[42,89,124],"vacant":[43],"lots,":[45],"and":[46,63,136],"an":[47,73,122],"extensive":[48],"evaluation":[49],"with":[50],"respect":[51],"to":[52,56,126],"system's":[54],"transferability":[55],"unseen":[57],"environments.":[58],"Therefore,":[59],"different":[60],"image":[61],"features":[62],"learning":[64],"algorithms":[65],"were":[66],"examined":[67],"on":[68,99,113,129],"three":[69],"independent":[70],"datasets":[71],"unbiased":[74],"validation.":[75],"A":[76],"feature":[77,109],"/":[78],"classifier":[79],"combination":[80],"which":[81,94],"solved":[82],"given":[84],"task":[85],"against":[86],"background":[88],"robustly":[91],"scalable":[92],"system,":[93],"require":[97],"re-training":[98],"new":[100],"areas,":[102],"was":[103],"found.":[104],"In":[105],"addition,":[106],"best":[108],"provides":[110],"high":[111],"performance":[112],"gray":[114],"value":[115],"surveillance":[116],"cameras.":[117],"final":[119],"reached":[121],"accuracy":[123],"92.33%":[125],"99.96%,":[127],"depending":[128],"rows'":[132],"distance,":[133],"using":[134],"DoG-features":[135],"support":[138],"vector":[139],"machine.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
