{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2046429216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6707123","title":"Off-line Bangla signature verification: An empirical study","display_name":"Off-line Bangla signature verification: An empirical study","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2046429216","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6707123","mag":"2046429216"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6707123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6707123","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2013 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/59100","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033767760","display_name":"Srikanta Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3723-3524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Srikanta Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Australia","Dept. of Sch. of Inf. & Commun. Technol., Griffith Univ., Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Sch. of Inf. & Commun. Technol., Griffith Univ., Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011881826","display_name":"Alireza Alaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1669-2606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110017253","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Tours","ror":"https://ror.org/02wwzvj46","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110017253"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Alaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytech\u2019 Tours, Universit\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois-Rabelais, Tours, France","Lab. d'Inf., Univ. Francois-Rabelais, Tours, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytech\u2019 Tours, Universit\u00e9 Fran\u00e7ois-Rabelais, Tours, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110017253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lab. d'Inf., Univ. Francois-Rabelais, Tours, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110017253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068803496","display_name":"Umapada Pal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-2618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Umapada Pal","raw_affiliation_strings":["CVPRU in Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","CVPRU in Indian Stat. Inst., Kolkata, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CVPRU in Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CVPRU in Indian Stat. Inst., Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045600512","display_name":"Michael Blumenstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9908-3744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","display_name":"Griffith University","ror":"https://ror.org/02sc3r913","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Blumenstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Australia","Dept. of Sch. of Inf. & Commun. Technol., Griffith Univ., Brisbane, QLD, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Sch. of Inf. & Commun. Technol., Griffith Univ., Brisbane, QLD, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033767760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2759,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60499253,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bengali","display_name":"Bengali","score":0.8639054298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7712332606315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.7215777039527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5967962145805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5503921508789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.5348351001739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5211891531944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5158954858779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitmap","display_name":"Bitmap","score":0.510323703289032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.48667198419570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature-recognition","display_name":"Signature recognition","score":0.47027117013931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.46446743607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.46175146102905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.460006982088089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4503173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting-recognition","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","score":0.4179791510105133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13794678449630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10121378302574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09117817878723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08751755952835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.07145041227340698}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19235068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9610","display_name":"Bengali","level":2,"score":0.8639054298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7712332606315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.7215777039527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5967962145805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5503921508789062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5348351001739502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5211891531944275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5158954858779907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3115412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1194708","display_name":"Bitmap","level":2,"score":0.510323703289032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.48667198419570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74370796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15924863","display_name":"Signature recognition","level":3,"score":0.47027117013931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.46446743607521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46175146102905273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.460006982088089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4503173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.4179791510105133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13794678449630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10121378302574158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09117817878723145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08751755952835083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.07145041227340698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6707123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2013.6707123","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2013 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/59100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/59100","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/59100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402548","display_name":"Griffith Research Online (Griffith University, Queensland, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","host_organization_name":"Griffith University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference output"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.scu.edu.au:bus_tourism_pubs-2008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://epubs.scu.edu.au/bus_tourism_pubs/991","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400270","display_name":"ePublications@SCU (Southern Cross University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66809481","host_organization_name":"Southern Cross University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66809481"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"School of Business and Tourism","raw_type":"presentation"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/59100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/59100","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/59100","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402548","display_name":"Griffith Research Online (Griffith University, Queensland, Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11701301","host_organization_name":"Griffith University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11701301"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference output"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2046429216.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1747990","https://openalex.org/W1886500149","https://openalex.org/W2012743743","https://openalex.org/W2016458157","https://openalex.org/W2016538096","https://openalex.org/W2028832235","https://openalex.org/W2053637110","https://openalex.org/W2062219129","https://openalex.org/W2073008222","https://openalex.org/W2103248155","https://openalex.org/W2117283015","https://openalex.org/W2124095621","https://openalex.org/W2128458196","https://openalex.org/W2131991463","https://openalex.org/W2137449863","https://openalex.org/W2137567453","https://openalex.org/W2162254502","https://openalex.org/W2896871458","https://openalex.org/W4254368736","https://openalex.org/W4256068510","https://openalex.org/W6678418762","https://openalex.org/W7055120948"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W40542382","https://openalex.org/W2108136919","https://openalex.org/W2558183247","https://openalex.org/W4234068703","https://openalex.org/W2085760882","https://openalex.org/W1901876059","https://openalex.org/W1909427334","https://openalex.org/W2342815141","https://openalex.org/W2373628019","https://openalex.org/W2070451454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Among":[0],"all":[1],"of":[2,24,36,70,79,129],"the":[3,12,34,59,77,155],"biometric":[4],"authentication":[5],"systems,":[6],"handwritten":[7],"signatures":[8,53,69,95,133],"are":[9,54,109],"considered":[10,75,119],"as":[11,101,154],"most":[13],"legally":[14],"and":[15,105,134,141],"socially":[16],"accepted":[17],"attributes":[18],"for":[19,90,111,120,144],"personal":[20],"verification.":[21,82],"The":[22,114],"objective":[23],"this":[25,85,166],"paper":[26],"is":[27,96,118,142],"to":[28],"present":[29],"an":[30,55],"empirical":[31],"contribution":[32],"towards":[33],"understanding":[35],"a":[37,87,123,148],"threshold-based":[38,88],"signature":[39,49,60,81,125],"verification":[40,50,61,91,157],"technique":[41],"involving":[42,51],"off-line":[43,93],"Bangla":[44,94,124],"(Bengali)":[45],"signatures.":[46],"Experiments":[47],"on":[48],"non-English":[52,80],"important":[56],"consideration":[57],"in":[58,76,165],"area.":[62],"Only":[63],"very":[64],"few":[65],"research":[66,167],"works":[67],"employing":[68],"Indian":[71],"script":[72],"have":[73],"been":[74,139],"field":[78],"To":[83],"fill":[84],"gap,":[86],"scheme":[89],"considering":[92],"proposed.":[97],"Some":[98],"techniques":[99],"such":[100],"under-sampled":[102],"bitmap,":[103],"intersection/endpoint":[104],"directional":[106,160],"chain":[107,161],"code":[108,162],"employed":[110,143,164],"feature":[112],"extraction.":[113],"Nearest":[115],"Neighbour":[116],"method":[117],"classification.":[121],"Furthermore,":[122],"database,":[126],"which":[127],"consists":[128],"2400":[130],"(100\u00d724)":[131],"genuine":[132],"3000":[135],"(100\u00d730)":[136],"forgeries":[137],"has":[138],"created":[140],"experimentation.":[145],"We":[146],"obtained":[147],"15.57%":[149],"Average":[150],"Error":[151],"Rate":[152],"(AER)":[153],"best":[156],"result":[158],"using":[159],"features":[163],"work.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}