{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2038181916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2012.6252431","title":"Restricted Boltzmann Machines and Deep Belief Networks on multi-core processors","display_name":"Restricted Boltzmann Machines and Deep Belief Networks on multi-core processors","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2038181916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2012.6252431","mag":"2038181916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2012.6252431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2012.6252431","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2012 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013078199","display_name":"Noel Lopes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2798-7274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103026","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico da Guarda","ror":"https://ror.org/02463v873","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103026"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noel Lopes","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISUC - Center for Informatics and Systems of University of Coimbra, Portugal","UDI/IPG - Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISUC - Center for Informatics and Systems of University of Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UDI/IPG - Research Unit, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103026"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046882659","display_name":"Bernardete Ribeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-7672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardete Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074484305","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alves","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-3715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao Goncalves","raw_affiliation_strings":["CISUC - Center for Informatics and Systems of University of Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CISUC - Center for Informatics and Systems of University of Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013078199"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103026","https://openalex.org/I76903346"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6473,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8543951,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8855960369110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-machine","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","score":0.6982171535491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5821646451950073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.524316668510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4993607997894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cuda","display_name":"CUDA","score":0.4965673089027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4837948977947235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics-processing-unit","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","score":0.4503992795944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphics","display_name":"Graphics","score":0.44065049290657043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thread","display_name":"Thread (computing)","score":0.437654048204422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-belief-network","display_name":"Deep belief network","score":0.4376028776168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-core-processor","display_name":"Multi-core processor","score":0.43355634808540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3718581199645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1510230302810669}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8855960369110107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192576344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194706","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","level":3,"score":0.6982171535491943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5821646451950073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.524316668510437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4993607997894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778119891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q477690","display_name":"CUDA","level":2,"score":0.4965673089027405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4837948977947235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183484","display_name":"Graphics processing unit","level":2,"score":0.4503992795944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.44065049290657043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138101251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213092","display_name":"Thread (computing)","level":2,"score":0.437654048204422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97385483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16954980","display_name":"Deep belief network","level":3,"score":0.4376028776168823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.43355634808540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3718581199645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1510230302810669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2012.6252431","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2012.6252431","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2012 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44815768","https://openalex.org/W1992851788","https://openalex.org/W1994197834","https://openalex.org/W2064630666","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2083958625","https://openalex.org/W2107215445","https://openalex.org/W2108665656","https://openalex.org/W2111838090","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2128022558","https://openalex.org/W2130325614","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2600989413","https://openalex.org/W4231109964","https://openalex.org/W6601785968","https://openalex.org/W6676231525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064630666","https://openalex.org/W2287713958","https://openalex.org/W2133034788","https://openalex.org/W1257380361","https://openalex.org/W3005559199","https://openalex.org/W2119534391","https://openalex.org/W2402196265","https://openalex.org/W2023770367","https://openalex.org/W2503137108","https://openalex.org/W2513801676"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0,92],"learning":[1,193],"architecture":[2],"models":[3,8],"by":[4,146],"contrast":[5],"with":[6,210],"shallow":[7],"draw":[9],"on":[10,80,163,222],"the":[11,22,25,29,40,86,100,103,111,127,143,152,164,178,223],"insights":[12],"of":[13,24,27,37,42,98,106,133,177],"biological":[14],"inspiration":[15],"which":[16,196],"has":[17],"been":[18],"a":[19,134,138,190,211],"challenge":[20],"since":[21],"inception":[23],"idea":[26],"simulating":[28],"brain.":[30],"In":[31,70],"particular":[32],"their":[33,64],"(many)":[34],"hierarchical":[35],"levels":[36],"composition":[38],"track":[39],"development":[41],"parallel":[43],"implementation":[44,213],"in":[45,67],"an":[46,75],"attempt":[47],"to":[48,55,131,166,174,181,206],"become":[49],"accessibly":[50],"fast.":[51],"When":[52],"it":[53,123],"comes":[54],"performance":[56],"enhancement":[57],"Graphics":[58],"Processing":[59],"Units":[60],"(GPU)":[61],"have":[62],"carved":[63],"own":[65],"strength":[66],"machine":[68],"learning.":[69],"this":[71],"paper,":[72],"we":[73,150,159],"present":[74],"approach":[76,188,200],"that":[77,141],"relies":[78],"mainly":[79],"three":[81],"kernels":[82,165],"for":[83],"implementing":[84],"both":[85,215],"Restricted":[87],"Boltzmann":[88],"Machines":[89],"(RBM)":[90],"and":[91,117,217],"Belief":[93],"Networks":[94],"(DBN)":[95],"algorithms.":[96],"Instead":[97],"considering":[99],"neuron":[101],"as":[102,136,171,173,208],"smallest":[104],"unit":[105],"computation":[107],"each":[108],"thread":[109],"represents":[110],"connection":[112,135],"between":[113],"two":[114],"(one":[115],"visible":[116],"one":[118],"hidden)":[119],"neurons.":[120],"Although":[121],"conceptually":[122],"may":[124],"seem":[125],"weird,":[126],"rationale":[128],"behind":[129],"is":[130],"think":[132],"performing":[137],"simple":[139],"function":[140],"multiplies":[142],"clamped":[144],"input":[145],"its":[147],"weight.":[148],"Thus,":[149],"maximize":[151],"GPU":[153,216],"workload":[154],"avoiding":[155],"idle":[156],"cores.":[157],"Moreover,":[158],"placed":[160],"great":[161],"emphasis":[162],"avoid":[167],"uncoalesced":[168],"memory":[169,180,184],"accesses":[170],"well":[172],"take":[175],"advantage":[176],"shared":[179],"reduce":[182],"global":[183],"accesses.":[185],"Additionally,":[186],"our":[187],"uses":[189],"step":[191],"adaptive":[192],"rate":[194],"procedure":[195],"accelerates":[197],"convergence.":[198],"The":[199],"yields":[201],"very":[202],"good":[203],"speedups":[204],"(up":[205],"46\u00d7)":[207],"compared":[209],"straightforward":[212],"when":[214],"CPU":[218],"implementations":[219],"are":[220],"tested":[221],"MINST":[224],"database.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
