{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2117876524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2011.6033395","title":"The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark: A multi-class classification competition","display_name":"The German Traffic Sign Recognition Benchmark: A multi-class classification competition","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2117876524","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2011.6033395","mag":"2117876524"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2011.6033395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2011.6033395","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024696170","display_name":"Johannes Stallkamp","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes Stallkamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44780, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44780, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025991216","display_name":"Marc Schlipsing","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marc Schlipsing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44780, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44780, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017703542","display_name":"Jan Salmen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Salmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44780, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum, 44780, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042628612","display_name":"Christian Igel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2868-0856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","display_name":"University of Copenhagen","ror":"https://ror.org/035b05819","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Igel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.9628,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99348413,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1453","last_page":"1460"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12707","display_name":"Vehicle License Plate Recognition","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign-recognition","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","score":0.775576114654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7352796196937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6723712086677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german","display_name":"German","score":0.6693111658096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6382145285606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5793353319168091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sign","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","score":0.5655928254127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"Competition (biology)","score":0.5096101760864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-sign","display_name":"Traffic sign","score":0.5085693597793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3987310826778412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3443259000778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1048082709312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.05974781513214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.046405255794525146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6528762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574298","display_name":"Traffic sign recognition","level":4,"score":0.775576114654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7352796196937561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6723712086677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.6693111658096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6382145285606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5793353319168091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139676723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193832","display_name":"Sign (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5655928254127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5096101760864258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983860417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170285","display_name":"Traffic sign","level":3,"score":0.5085693597793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3987310826778412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3443259000778198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1048082709312439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.05974781513214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.046405255794525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2011.6033395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2011.6033395","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.464.2017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.464.2017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.ini.rub.de/data/documents/stallkampetal_gtsrb_ijcnn2011.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/be549cb9-7c19-4157-8802-5989a4886d86","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchprofiles.ku.dk/da/publications/be549cb9-7c19-4157-8802-5989a4886d86","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Stallkamp , J , Schlipsing , M , Salmen , J & Igel , C 2011 , The German traffic sign recognition benchmark : a multi-class classification competition . in Proceedings of the 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) . IEEE , pp. 1453-1460 , 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks , San Jose, California , United States , 31/07/2011 . https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.2011.6033395","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/be549cb9-7c19-4157-8802-5989a4886d86","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://curis.ku.dk/portal/da/publications/the-german-traffic-sign-recognition-benchmark(be549cb9-7c19-4157-8802-5989a4886d86).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401983","display_name":"Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I124055696","host_organization_name":"University of Copenhagen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124055696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Stallkamp , J , Schlipsing , M , Salmen , J & Igel , C 2011 , The German traffic sign recognition benchmark : a multi-class classification competition . in Proceedings of the 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) . IEEE , pp. 1453-1460 , 2011 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks , San Jose, California , United States , 31/07/2011 . https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.2011.6033395","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65699389","https://openalex.org/W1523493493","https://openalex.org/W1530262073","https://openalex.org/W1566893499","https://openalex.org/W1963930520","https://openalex.org/W1983008863","https://openalex.org/W2067562626","https://openalex.org/W2098666383","https://openalex.org/W2106665752","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2116225936","https://openalex.org/W2125085157","https://openalex.org/W2132424367","https://openalex.org/W2139061569","https://openalex.org/W2140126736","https://openalex.org/W2151502878","https://openalex.org/W2152417180","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2168885286","https://openalex.org/W2277406607","https://openalex.org/W6602649672","https://openalex.org/W6631319189","https://openalex.org/W6631660994","https://openalex.org/W6677135218","https://openalex.org/W6694989809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4382897155","https://openalex.org/W4283820116","https://openalex.org/W4379231512","https://openalex.org/W4378699879","https://openalex.org/W3128164723","https://openalex.org/W4286647459","https://openalex.org/W2899819381","https://openalex.org/W2557202782","https://openalex.org/W3215426395","https://openalex.org/W2772251146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,72,94,139],"\u201cGerman":[1],"Traffic":[2],"Sign":[3],"Recognition":[4],"Benchmark\u201d":[5],"is":[6,20],"a":[7,29],"multi-category":[8],"classification":[9],"competition":[10],"held":[11],"at":[12],"IJCNN":[13],"2011.":[14],"Automatic":[15],"recognition":[16,36,159],"of":[17,42,60,110,122,133],"traffic":[18,46,157],"signs":[19,61],"required":[21],"in":[22,57,91,128],"advanced":[23],"driver":[24],"assistance":[25],"systems":[26],"and":[27,34,70,153,161],"constitutes":[28],"challenging":[30],"real-world":[31],"computer":[32],"vision":[33],"pattern":[35],"problem.":[37],"A":[38],"comprehensive,":[39],"lifelike":[40],"dataset":[41,95],"more":[43,111],"than":[44,112],"50,000":[45],"sign":[47,158],"images":[48,73,114],"has":[49],"been":[50],"collected.":[51],"It":[52],"reflects":[53],"the":[54,117,120,129,134,143,147],"strong":[55],"variations":[56],"visual":[58],"appearance":[59],"due":[62],"to":[63,81,105,155],"distance,":[64],"illumination,":[65],"weather":[66],"conditions,":[67],"partial":[68],"occlusions,":[69],"rotations.":[71],"are":[74,137,150],"complemented":[75],"by":[76,142],"several":[77],"precomputed":[78],"feature":[79],"sets":[80,109],"allow":[82],"for":[83],"applying":[84],"machine":[85],"learning":[86],"algorithms":[87],"without":[88],"background":[89],"knowledge":[90],"image":[92],"processing.":[93],"comprises":[96],"43":[97],"classes":[98],"with":[99],"unbalanced":[100],"class":[101],"frequencies.":[102],"Participants":[103],"have":[104],"classify":[106],"two":[107],"test":[108],"12,500":[113],"each.":[115],"Here,":[116],"results":[118,149],"on":[119],"first":[121,130],"these":[123],"sets,":[124],"which":[125],"was":[126],"used":[127],"evaluation":[131],"stage":[132],"two-fold":[135],"challenge,":[136],"reported.":[138],"methods":[140],"employed":[141],"participants":[144],"who":[145],"achieved":[146],"best":[148],"briefly":[151],"described":[152],"compared":[154],"human":[156],"performance":[160],"baseline":[162],"results.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":124},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":121},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":141},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":122},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":120},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":109},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":110},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":16}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
