{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2148115600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4634274","title":"Steganalysis of multi-class JPEG images based on expanded Markov features and polynomial fitting","display_name":"Steganalysis of multi-class JPEG images based on expanded Markov features and polynomial fitting","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2148115600","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4634274","mag":"2148115600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4634274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4634274","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100746642","display_name":"Qingzhong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2006-5413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207123951","display_name":"New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/005p9kw61","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207123951"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingzhong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Institute for Complex Additive Systems Analysis, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Institute for Complex Additive Systems Analysis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207123951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027821975","display_name":"Andrew H. Sung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0815-3102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207123951","display_name":"New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/005p9kw61","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207123951"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew H. Sung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Institute for Complex Additive Systems Analysis, Socorro, NM, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department of New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Institute for Complex Additive Systems Analysis, Socorro, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207123951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046882659","display_name":"Bernardete Ribeiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9770-7672"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardete M. Ribeiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011091110","display_name":"Rita Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5573-885X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rita Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics Engineering, University of Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100746642"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207123951"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5655,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9514111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"3677","issue":null,"first_page":"3352","last_page":"3357"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.8370580673217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.7822535037994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6476700305938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5808917284011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5568957328796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5082242488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.47756725549697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.46258044242858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45157426595687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-cosine-transform","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","score":0.4501703083515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.4415058195590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-discriminant-analysis","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","score":0.43007606267929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.2508084774017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.22433561086654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.12688234448432922}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.8370580673217773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.7822535037994385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6476700305938721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5808917284011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5568957328796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5082242488861084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.47756725549697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.46258044242858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45157426595687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.4501703083515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.4415058195590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69738355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228929","display_name":"Linear discriminant analysis","level":2,"score":0.43007606267929077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.2508084774017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.22433561086654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.12688234448432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4634274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4634274","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128063544","https://openalex.org/W194383147","https://openalex.org/W1512190422","https://openalex.org/W1518402653","https://openalex.org/W1535817554","https://openalex.org/W1760530029","https://openalex.org/W1875845630","https://openalex.org/W1968590503","https://openalex.org/W1976733950","https://openalex.org/W2049562124","https://openalex.org/W2054160901","https://openalex.org/W2076312302","https://openalex.org/W2083122891","https://openalex.org/W2088247498","https://openalex.org/W2094084140","https://openalex.org/W2099013489","https://openalex.org/W2104808305","https://openalex.org/W2130424402","https://openalex.org/W2142604419","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2148694408","https://openalex.org/W2166143274","https://openalex.org/W3147210360","https://openalex.org/W4230946174","https://openalex.org/W4244098250","https://openalex.org/W4292023222","https://openalex.org/W6631712373","https://openalex.org/W6662574334","https://openalex.org/W6679105277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220747575","https://openalex.org/W2133743319","https://openalex.org/W4200085651","https://openalex.org/W2160587766","https://openalex.org/W2241212938","https://openalex.org/W1529294424","https://openalex.org/W2088023168","https://openalex.org/W2045401301","https://openalex.org/W2355413035","https://openalex.org/W4294309378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"based":[3,84],"on":[4,54,85],"the":[5,22,25,29,32,37,41,50,55,58,66,76,80],"Markov":[6,34],"approach":[7],"proposed":[8],"by":[9],"shi":[10],"<i":[11,14],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[12,15],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">et</i>":[13],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">al.</i>":[16],",":[17],"we":[18],"expand":[19],"it":[20],"to":[21],"inter-blocks":[23],"of":[24,31,57],"DCT":[26,59],"domain,":[27],"calculate":[28],"difference":[30,47],"expanded":[33],"features":[35,48,53],"between":[36],"testing":[38],"image":[39],"and":[40,44,49,92],"calibrated":[42],"version,":[43],"combine":[45],"these":[46],"polynomial":[51],"fitting":[52],"histogram":[56],"coefficients":[60],"as":[61],"detectors.":[62],"We":[63,73],"reasonably":[64],"improve":[65],"detection":[67],"performance":[68,78],"in":[69],"multi-class":[70],"JPEG":[71],"images.":[72],"also":[74],"compare":[75],"steganalysis":[77],"among":[79],"feature":[81],"reduction/selection":[82],"methods":[83],"principal":[86],"component":[87],"analysis,":[88],"singular":[89],"value":[90],"decomposition,":[91],"Fisherpsilas":[93],"linear":[94],"discriminant.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}