{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2125506013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633979","title":"Multi-class AUC metrics and weighted alternatives","display_name":"Multi-class AUC metrics and weighted alternatives","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2125506013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633979","mag":"2125506013"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633979","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086320066","display_name":"Ben Van Calster","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-7450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Van Calster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110223024","display_name":"Vanya Van Belle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vanya Van Belle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049115464","display_name":"G. Condous","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801688508","display_name":"Nepean Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03vb6df93","country_code":"AU","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801688508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["AU","BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Condous","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium","Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801688508","https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020389365","display_name":"T. Bourne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1421-6059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124357947","display_name":"University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/04cw6st05","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113489","display_name":"St George's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02507sy82","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111466","https://openalex.org/I4210113489"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Bourne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium","St Georges Hospital, University of London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"St Georges Hospital, University of London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113489","https://openalex.org/I124357947"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002144411","display_name":"D. Timmerman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3707-6645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Timmerman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049055621","display_name":"Sabine Van Huffel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5939-0996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabine Van Huffel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-SISTA), Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3349,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90175112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1390","last_page":"1396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.7440985441207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6961156725883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.6615917682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.6439133286476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.631708562374115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5232288241386414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4280739426612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3838708996772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3561231791973114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34023576974868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3225801885128021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.08968397974967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.07314550876617432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.7440985441207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6961156725883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.6615917682647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.6439133286476135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.631708562374115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5232288241386414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4280739426612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3838708996772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3561231791973114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34023576974868774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3225801885128021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.08968397974967957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.07314550876617432}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633979","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633979","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W976923575","https://openalex.org/W1240190112","https://openalex.org/W1509515766","https://openalex.org/W1524761913","https://openalex.org/W1597852916","https://openalex.org/W1912982817","https://openalex.org/W1968320037","https://openalex.org/W1981976602","https://openalex.org/W2012942264","https://openalex.org/W2029426756","https://openalex.org/W2048537487","https://openalex.org/W2056983531","https://openalex.org/W2069401973","https://openalex.org/W2083675953","https://openalex.org/W2096451472","https://openalex.org/W2096942889","https://openalex.org/W2098824882","https://openalex.org/W2118938609","https://openalex.org/W2129302414","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2168366176","https://openalex.org/W6628200946","https://openalex.org/W6631546530","https://openalex.org/W6635723969"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385649027","https://openalex.org/W4255837520","https://openalex.org/W2940055329","https://openalex.org/W3034642336","https://openalex.org/W4287760213","https://openalex.org/W3216067289","https://openalex.org/W3179518614","https://openalex.org/W4200065130","https://openalex.org/W4388115992","https://openalex.org/W1997162386"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"area":[1],"under":[2],"the":[3,18,33,38,45,48,54,75],"receiver":[4],"operating":[5],"characteristic":[6],"curve":[7],"(AUC)":[8],"is":[9],"a":[10],"useful":[11],"and":[12,22,92],"widely":[13],"used":[14],"measure":[15],"to":[16,69,74],"evaluate":[17],"performance":[19],"of":[20,37],"binary":[21,62],"multi-class":[23,76],"classification":[24],"models.":[25],"However,":[26],"it":[27],"does":[28],"not":[29],"take":[30],"into":[31],"account":[32],"exact":[34,55],"numerical":[35,56],"output":[36,46,57],"models,":[39],"but":[40],"rather":[41],"looks":[42],"at":[43],"how":[44],"ranks":[47],"cases.":[49],"AUC":[50],"metrics":[51,73,79,91],"that":[52],"incorporate":[53],"have":[58],"been":[59],"developed":[60],"for":[61],"classification.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67,86],"try":[68],"extend":[70],"such":[71],"weighted":[72],"case.":[77],"Several":[78],"are":[80],"suggested.":[81],"Using":[82],"real":[83],"world":[84],"data,":[85],"investigate":[87],"intercorrelations":[88],"between":[89],"these":[90],"demonstrate":[93],"their":[94],"use.":[95]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}