{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2106169082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371153","title":"Stacked Generalization in Computer-Assisted Decision Systems: Empirical Comparison of Data Handling Schemes","display_name":"Stacked Generalization in Computer-Assisted Decision Systems: Empirical Comparison of Data Handling Schemes","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2106169082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371153","mag":"2106169082"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195743","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks/IEEE ... International Conference on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1098-7576","issn":["1098-7576","1558-3902"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014968146","display_name":"Georgia D. Tourassi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9418-9638"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georgia D. Tourassi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA","Duke Univ., Durham#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Univ., Durham#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033170638","display_name":"Jonathan L. Jesneck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8252-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan L. Jesneck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Duke Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA","Student Member, IEEE, Duke Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA. e-mail: jonathan.jesneck@duke.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Duke Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Student Member, IEEE, Duke Advanced Imaging Laboratories, Department of Radiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA. e-mail: jonathan.jesneck@duke.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001300575","display_name":"Maciej A. Mazurowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4202-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maciej A. Mazurowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","Student Member, IEEE, Computational Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. email: m.mazurowski@ieee.org"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Student Member, IEEE, Computational Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. email: m.mazurowski@ieee.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011363503","display_name":"Piotr A. Habas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr A. Habas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computational Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","Student Member, IEEE, Computational Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. email: p.habas@ieee.org"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computational Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Student Member, IEEE, Computational Intelligence Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. email: p.habas@ieee.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014968146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317","https://openalex.org/I4210126298"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7611,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69776119,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":null,"first_page":"1343","last_page":"1347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8091877698898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.7222217917442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.719947338104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.621238648891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.618556559085846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5981045365333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5572962164878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5401820540428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backpropagation","display_name":"Backpropagation","score":0.5358233451843262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3303382992744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09627068042755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09144678711891174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8091877698898315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.7222217917442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.719947338104248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.621238648891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.618556559085846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5981045365333557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5572962164878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5401820540428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.5358233451843262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3303382992744446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09627068042755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09144678711891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2007.4371153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195743","display_name":"IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks/IEEE ... International Conference on Neural Networks","issn_l":"1098-7576","issn":["1098-7576","1558-3902"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W41027960","https://openalex.org/W315246745","https://openalex.org/W1496356183","https://openalex.org/W1645816215","https://openalex.org/W1972311232","https://openalex.org/W1976927254","https://openalex.org/W1995945562","https://openalex.org/W2005508990","https://openalex.org/W2006625844","https://openalex.org/W2013130498","https://openalex.org/W2015056255","https://openalex.org/W2023522838","https://openalex.org/W2043629942","https://openalex.org/W2045331387","https://openalex.org/W2059192589","https://openalex.org/W2069401973","https://openalex.org/W2099111195","https://openalex.org/W2124537635","https://openalex.org/W2136726419","https://openalex.org/W2154642048","https://openalex.org/W2155487617","https://openalex.org/W2167866422","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W3100344990","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W4241607140","https://openalex.org/W6651930677","https://openalex.org/W6682610290"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4239286941","https://openalex.org/W2088845016","https://openalex.org/W589102260","https://openalex.org/W1966421350","https://openalex.org/W1868434454","https://openalex.org/W2894173309","https://openalex.org/W4387932263","https://openalex.org/W2098962763","https://openalex.org/W2371065793","https://openalex.org/W2157746493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer-assisted":[0],"decision":[1,26,29],"(CAD)":[2],"systems":[3,17,61],"are":[4,111],"becoming":[5],"increasingly":[6],"popular":[7],"for":[8,76,135],"the":[9,20,39,56,77,108,136,139,159,162,167],"diagnostic":[10,40,197],"interpretation":[11],"of":[12,23,42,59,79,88,91,138,142,161,196],"radiologic":[13],"images.":[14],"These":[15],"CAD":[16,60,74,85,144],"often":[18],"involve":[19],"stacked":[21,65,150],"generalization":[22],"several":[24],"different":[25,50],"models.":[27],"Combining":[28],"models":[30],"is":[31,69,147,170,189],"a":[32,72,89,114,122,143,173,180],"common":[33],"meta-analysis":[34],"strategy":[35,134],"to":[36,127,191],"improve":[37],"upon":[38],"performance":[41,57,141],"each":[43],"individual":[44],"model.":[45],"This":[46],"study":[47,68,119],"investigates":[48],"how":[49],"data":[51],"handling":[52],"schemes":[53],"may":[54],"affect":[55],"evaluation":[58],"that":[62,94,121,146],"rely":[63],"on":[64,71,149,158],"generalization.":[66,151],"The":[67,84,118],"based":[70,148],"multistage":[73],"system":[75,86,145,177],"detection":[78],"masses":[80],"in":[81],"screening":[82],"mammograms.":[83],"consists":[87],"series":[90],"knowledge-based":[92,109],"modules":[93],"operate":[95],"at":[96],"Level":[97,115,163],"0":[98],"capturing":[99],"morphological":[100],"as":[101,103,179],"well":[102],"multiscale":[104],"textural":[105],"information.":[106],"Then,":[107],"predictions":[110],"combined":[112],"with":[113,184],"1":[116,164],"classifier.":[117],"shows":[120],"leave-one-out":[123],"sampling":[124],"scheme":[125],"appears":[126],"be":[128,156],"an":[129],"effective":[130],"and":[131],"relatively":[132,171,174],"unbiased":[133],"estimation":[137],"overall":[140],"However,":[152],"extra":[153],"caution":[154],"should":[155],"placed":[157],"complexity":[160],"combiner.":[165],"When":[166],"available":[168],"dataset":[169],"small,":[172],"simple":[175],"learning":[176],"such":[178],"backpropagation":[181],"neural":[182],"network":[183],"very":[185],"few":[186],"hidden":[187],"nodes":[188],"preferable":[190],"avoid":[192],"optimistically":[193],"biased":[194],"estimates":[195],"performance.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
