{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2151857587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2004.1379883","title":"Fast stochastic neighbor embedding: a trust-region algorithm","display_name":"Fast stochastic neighbor embedding: a trust-region algorithm","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-02-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2151857587","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2004.1379883","mag":"2151857587"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2004.1379883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2004.1379883","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2004 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37541)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110742321","display_name":"Kijoeng Nam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kijoeng Nam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, South China University of Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, South China University of Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574","https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009941021","display_name":"Hong-Mo Je","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongmo Je","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, South China University of Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, South China University of Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574","https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101795797","display_name":"Seungjin Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8301-3776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123900574","display_name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xysgw12","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123900574"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungjin Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, South China University of Technology, Pohang, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, South China University of Technology, Pohang, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574","https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110742321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123900574","https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81682875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"123","last_page":"128"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.968500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.8001075387001038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.6991982460021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6660177707672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.636659562587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6237882971763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5401481986045837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-equation","display_name":"Quadratic equation","score":0.5175599455833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4712693393230438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2929002046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16374832391738892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.8001075387001038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6991982460021973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6660177707672119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.636659562587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6237882971763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5401481986045837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.5175599455833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4712693393230438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2929002046585083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16374832391738892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2004.1379883","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2004.1379883","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2004 IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37541)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2112148214","https://openalex.org/W2155008293","https://openalex.org/W2156718197","https://openalex.org/W2157444450","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4293775970","https://openalex.org/W6676938131","https://openalex.org/W6682755970","https://openalex.org/W6683161245","https://openalex.org/W7034449035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W2037549926","https://openalex.org/W2345479200","https://openalex.org/W2183306018","https://openalex.org/W2849310602","https://openalex.org/W2943623134","https://openalex.org/W3006008237","https://openalex.org/W2494523064","https://openalex.org/W2419146053","https://openalex.org/W4388890789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stochastic":[0],"neighbor":[1,29],"embedding":[2,9],"(SNE)":[3],"is":[4,61],"a":[5,21,26,48,56,78,84,87,100],"probabilistic":[6],"method":[7,81],"of":[8,34,38,99,103,116],"objects,":[10],"described":[11],"by":[12,16],"high-dimensional":[13],"vectors":[14],"or":[15],"pair":[17],"wise":[18],"dissimilarities,":[19],"into":[20],"lower":[22],"dimensional":[23],"space":[24],"in":[25,90],"way":[27],"that":[28],"identities":[30],"are":[31],"preserved.":[32],"Despite":[33],"the":[35,67,97,104,109,113],"useful":[36],"behavior":[37],"SNE,":[39],"it":[40],"suffers":[41],"from":[42],"its":[43],"slow":[44],"convergence":[45,115],"due":[46],"to":[47],"gradient-based":[49,68],"implementation.":[50],"In":[51],"this":[52],"paper":[53],"we":[54],"present":[55],"fast":[57,72,114],"SNE":[58,69,73],"algorithm":[59],"which":[60,82],"approximately":[62],"4-6":[63],"times":[64],"faster":[65],"than":[66],"algorithm.":[70],"Our":[71],"algorithm,":[74],"named":[75],"TR-SNE":[76],"employs":[77],"trust-region":[79],"(TR)":[80],"finds":[83],"direction":[85],"and":[86,93,112],"step":[88],"size":[89],"an":[91],"efficient":[92],"reliable":[94],"manner":[95],"with":[96],"help":[98],"quadratic":[101],"model":[102],"objective":[105],"function.":[106],"We":[107],"confirm":[108],"high":[110],"performance":[111],"our":[117],"TR-SNR":[118],"through":[119],"numerical":[120],"experiments.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}